中国自然灾害生活救助标准的历史发展与政策启示

The Standard Development of Livelihood Assistance to Natural Disaster Victims and Its Policy Implication

中国古代社会在救灾过程中就已经形成了一整套有效的自然灾害生活救助措施和方法。但在救助标准制定问题上,中国从古至今鲜有相关理论进行探讨。从古代社会至今中国历朝历代都对自然灾害采取种种生活救助措施并有一定的救助标准。总体看来,这些救助措施和标准之间有较强的相似性。古代至民国时期的官府自然灾害生活救助款物也会按照一定标准发放,但是很少有关于标准的制度性的规定。计划经济时期由于经济困难和自然灾害频繁等原因,自然灾害的生活救助主要是尽量避免饿死人的物质分配。与计划经济相适应,当时在巨灾面前还采取过实物供应制发放救灾物质。改革开放以后,国家在中央层面制定了全国统一的自然灾害生活救助标准,但是这些标准主要是基于实践经验的总结,而缺少科学的标准制定方法和论证。

There was a set of effective measures on disaster relief in ancient China,while there was little theoretical and technical discussion on the making of the relief standards.There were some livelihood assistance standards and policies to the natural disasters victims throughout the ancient history in China.In general,these standards and policies shared many similar characteristics.From ancient to the Republic era,the governments distribute relief materials of disasters according to some kind of standards,but few institutional regulations on relief standards.In the planned economy period,the main policy aim of the livelihood assistance for natural disaster victims was to avoid starvation resulted from the shortage of materials.There was a supply system of disaster assistance materials distribution suitable for the planned economy.After the economic reform,the central government has worked out the unified standards of livelihood assistance for natural disaster victims,but these standards were mainly based on practices and lack of scientific theories and methods.