不对称纳入:跨两岸迁移者社会保障权利之探讨

Asymmetric Incorporation:Comparing Social Rights of Cross-Strait Migrants

由于历史与现实的特殊原因,两岸处理跨界迁移者的成员身份,不同于其他迁移至两岸的境外人士。论文尝试以跨两岸迁移者的社会公民权为分析对象,探讨两岸提供何种身份待遇给予来自对岸的公民,并形塑跨两岸迁移者特殊的权利地位。研究发现:第一,两岸双方纳入跨两岸迁移者存在不对称格局,台湾地区对大陆地区人民有着比对外国人更严格的管制,但大陆对待台湾居民却逐渐朝'超最惠待遇'或'正常公民待遇'的方向前进。第二,人员身份纳入体制受到两个标准影响:对当地经济有贡献或是基于家庭伦常。台湾的政策已服膺第二种标准;至于第一种标准,台湾正努力摒除政治力的干扰以接纳大陆地区人民来台。反观大陆的政策正逐渐以不带限制的'两岸一家亲'态度接纳所有身份类别的台湾居民。第三,因为历史与现实的特殊原因,两岸皆以'户籍身份'作为公民权利赋予的机制,设立户籍为取得当地公民身份的必要条件。

Due to historic and practical reason,China's Mainland and Taiwan take approaches toward cross-strait migrants different from policies toward foreigners.Taking the social rights of cross-strait migrants as an example,this study explores how the governments on both sides of the Taiwan Strait deal with the citizenship issues of this specific migration group;and how their social rights are defined by what mechanisms.Major findings include:First,Asymmetric incorporation exists between the ways in which China's Mainland and Taiwan treat the cross-strait migrants.While the former takes an inclusive approach to accept Taiwan Residents migrants,the latter is more reserved about opening the border to Mainland migrants.Second,against this background,Taiwan has already accepted Mainland migrants to reside in Taiwan for family union but hesitates to take more migrants for domestic labor market.Third,to avoid the intricate question of overlapping sovereignty,both sides unanimously take their household registration systems(hukou)as the requisite for access to local social rights.