欧美经验对我国“十三五”大气污染防治战略的启示

European and American Experiences and Its Implications on Air Pollution Control Strategy in China during the 13th Five-Year Period

当前,我国大气污染形势严峻,复合型污染特征突出。新修订的《中华人民共和国环境保护法》、《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法》、《环境空气质量标准》以及《大气污染防治行动计划》的发布和实施,对我国大气污染防治工作提出了更高要求。"十三五"时期是我国环境保护负重前行困难期和大有作为关键期,也是我国改善大气环境质量的攻坚期,需要系统谋划大气污染防治战略。欧盟和美国在制定大气污染防治战略时,以改善空气质量为核心,构建了涵盖一次污染物和二次污染物的多污染物目标体系,规定了环境浓度、排放量、直观感受(能见度)、健康以及管理等约束性指标,并且针对大气污染防治政策分析实施的成本与收益,开发相应的模型工具,基于收益成本比进行科学决策。本文对欧美环境规划和战略中的多污染物协同控制目标体系以及大气污染防治政策成本效益评估经验进行梳理,分析我国大气污染防治战略的现状和问题,并提出相关政策建议,以期为解决"心肺之患"、实现环保"十三五"总体目标提供参考。

Air pollution situation is grim in China currently, and complex pollution characteristics are prominent. The Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan, the newly revised Law on Environmental Protection, the Law on Air Pollution Prevention and Control, and the National Ambient Air Quality Standard have been issued and implemented, which put forward higher requirements for air pollution control. There will be great difficulties and opportunities in the 13 th Five-Year period, which is the crucial period of air quality improvement. It is necessary to plan strategy for air pollution control systematically. During the formulation process of air pollution control strategy in the European Union and the United States, to improve the air quality is the core, the multi pollutants target system covers both of primary pollutants and secondary pollutants, and the indicators include environmental concentrations, emissions, intuitive feelings(visibility), health and management. Cost benefit analysis is applied in air pollution control policy, and the corresponding model tools are developed, which support scientific decisions based on cost benefit ratio. This article summarized the experiences of multi pollutants target system and cost benefit evaluation method from EU and USA in air pollution control, analyzed the current situation and problems of China air pollution control strategy, and put forward the relevant policy recommendations, in order to solve the air pollution problem and achieve environmental protection overall goal of the 13 th Five-Year period.