理据:一个不可或缺的证据法学概念

Ground:An Indispensable Concept in Evidence Law

我国传统证据理论将证据视为唯一的证明手段,这种'唯证据论'导致理论界和实务界对理据的忽视。从逻辑的角度看,在证据推理中作为小前提的证据与作为大前提的理据同属于证明手段。理据是在司法证明过程中作为推论依据的知识,具有场域性、隐含性、抽象性、论证性、可废止性等属性,包括经验法则与科学法则两类。我们对理据的资格可以从相关性、普遍接受性、可检验性以及合法性等方面加以审查;对理据的强度可以从置信度、支持度、匹配度等角度予以评估。图尔敏模型有助于对理据的精细化分析。未来对专门知识的审查将由专家辅助逐步走向人工智能辅助。

Our traditional evidence theory regards evidence as the only means of proof,which leads to the neglect of ground.In the view of logic,evidence as a minor premise and ground as a major premise belong to the means of proof.Ground is the knowledge that serves as the basis of inference in the process of judicial proof,which has the properties of field locality,implication,abstraction,argumentation and defeasibility,including empirical rules and scientific rules.The qualifications of ground could be examined in terms of relevance,universal acceptability,testability and legality.The strength of ground can be evaluated from the perspectives of confidence,support and matching.Toulmin model of argumentation is helpful for the fine analysis of ground.In the future,the review of expertise will gradually shift from expert-assisted to AI-assisted.