2013-2018年陕西省宝鸡市居民膳食营养变迁特点

Characteristics of dietary and nutritional changes of residents in Baoji city of Shaanxi Province from 2013 to 2018

目的了解2018年宝鸡市居民膳食营养摄入状况及5年来的变迁特点,为提出改善措施提供依据。方法分别于2013和2018年采用多阶段分层随机抽样法,抽取宝鸡市年龄≥15岁常住居民4 968人和36 600人为研究对象,用半定量食物频率法开展膳食调查,计算每标准人日食物、主要营养素摄入量,用体质指数(BMI)评价营养状况。用SPSS 20.0软件进行统计描述和χ2检验。结果 2018年宝鸡市居民谷薯类、蔬菜类、水果类、蛋类、水产品、畜禽肉、大豆及坚果类、奶及奶制品、油和盐10类食物每标准人日平均摄入量分别为362.8、234.7、116.8、32.9、4.6、38.0、61.2、45.7、51.7和8.0 g,达到推荐范围的比例分别为33.0%、17.1%、12.5%、5.1%、1.6%、18.0%、10.1%、3.3%、9.9%和39.1%。与2013年相比,2018年宝鸡市居民蔬菜类、蛋类每标准人日平均摄入量增加,其余8类食物减少,水产品、畜禽肉摄入量达到推荐范围的比例轻微下降,其余8类食物比例均增加;2018年宝鸡市居民维生素A、叶酸、铁、锰每标准人日平均摄入量增加,钠、维生素C摄入减少;2018年宝鸡市居民体重过低(3.0%)和肥胖(3.1%)人群比例与2013年(5.1%、5.4%)相比降低,正常(63.2%)和超重(30.7%)人群比例与2013年(62.5%、27.0%)相比升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论 5年来,宝鸡市居民膳食结构有所改善,但仍不合理,需要加强营养健康教育,引导居民合理膳食,继续增加蔬菜类、水果类、蛋类、水产品、畜禽肉、奶及奶制品摄入,控制油盐的摄入。

Objective To understand the dietary nutrition intake of Baoji residents in 2018 and its changing characteristics in five years,and to provide the basis for proposing improvement measures.Methods In 2013 and 2018,the multi-stage stratified random sampling method was used to select 4 968 and 36 600 residents(≥15 years old)in Baoji City as the subjects,respectively.The investigation was performed by semi-quantitative food frequency method,the intake of food and main nutrients in each standard man-day was calculated,and BMI was used to assess the nutritional status.χ2 test was used to analyze the data,and the used software was SPSS 20.0.Results In 2018,the average intake of ten types of foods(grain,vegetables,fruits,eggs,aquatic products,livestock and poultry meat,soya and nuts,milk and dairy products,oil and salt)in each standard man-day were362.8,234.7,116.8,32.9,4.6,38.0,61.2,45.7,51.7 and 8.0 g,respectively.The percentages that reached the recommended range were 33.0%,17.1%,12.5%,5.1%,1.6%,18.0%,10.1%,3.3%,9.9%and 39.1%,respectively.Compared with 2013,in 2018,the average intake of vegetables and eggs in each standard man-day increased,while the other eight types of foods decreased,the proportion of aquatic products,livestock and poultry meat intake which reached the recommended range decreased slightly,and the proportion of the other 8 kinds of foods increased;the average intake of vitamin A,folic acid,iron,and manganese in each standard man-day increased,the sodium and vitamin C decreased.The proportions(3.0%and 3.1%)of low weight and obesity in2018 were significantly lower than those(5.1%and 5.4%)in 2013;the proportions(63.2%and 30.7%)of normal weight and overweight in 2018 were significantly higher than those(62.5%and 27.0%)in 2013,P<0.01.Conclusion In recent five years,the dietary structure of Baoji residents has been improved,but it is still unreasonable.The nutrition health education should be strengthened,the reasonable diet of residents should be directed,the increased intake of vegetables,fruits,eggs,aquatic products,livestock and poultry meat,milk and dairy products should be continued;the oil and salt intake should be controlled.