论斯坎伦的道德契约论思想

On Scanlon’s Contractualism

斯坎伦的道德契约论是一种以理想协议为基础解释人类义务的理论。他是继罗尔斯之后,康德路线契约论的最为重要的代表人物,其理论深受罗尔斯与康德相关理论影响,在质疑与批判功利主义的基础上,提出的一种更富实质性内容的道德契约论。这种理论以人与人之间道德正当与不正当为关注点,以理由为道德,将道德推理与达成一致的理想协议合为一体。不同于康德与罗尔斯,斯坎伦寻求的不是"每个人都会同意"的原则,而是"没有人能够合情理地拒绝"的原则。它强调每一个行为者在道德上有一种向他人证明自身行为合理性的内驱力,这是达成理想的道德协议的先决条件,而人类社会的道德体系正是建立这一理性的道德主体之上。

Scanlon’s contractualism is based on the ideal agreement to explain the obligations of human being. Scanlon is the most important representative person in the second line. After Rawls,the theory is deeply influenced by the theories of Rawls and Kant,and he raised a more substantive content of the moral contract theory on the basis of questioning and criticizing utilitarianism. This theory takes the moral right and wrong as the focus,takes the reason as the core of morality,and gets the moral reasoning and the ideal agreement together as a whole. Different from Kant and Rawls,Scanlon seeks not a principle that"everyone would agree",but a principle"there is no reasonable reason to reject". Scanlon’s contractualism emphasizes that every agent has an inner driving force to justify his behavior is reasonable to others. Meanwhile the moral system of human society is built upon the rational and moral subjectivity.