金钱质押设立条件之认定——以《担保法》司法解释第85条为中心

The Judgment of Money Pledge’s Established Conditions——Based on Article 85 of Judicial Interpretation of Guarantee Law of PRC

金钱质押是指债务人或者第三人将其金钱以特户、封金、保证金等形式特定化后,移交债权人占有作为债权的担保,债务人不履行债务时,债权人可以以该金钱优先受偿的担保方式。实务中,金钱质押的标的常以保证金的形式特定化。设立金钱质押的条件有三:签订书面的质押合同;将金钱特定化;将特定化的金钱移交债权人占有。认定是否签订质押合同应遵循实质重于形式的方法,以是否具备质押合同应当包括的内容为判断标准。认定将金钱特定化涉及账户特定化和资金特定化:账户的名称应特别命名,显示其作为保证金账户的功能;账户内的资金可以浮动,但应当与保证金业务相关。认定移交债权人占有在于债权人能否控制账户及账户内资金的流动。

Money pledge means that the debtor or a third party places their money on a special account,a sealed envelope,security deposit or other specific forms,then transfers to creditor’s possession as security for debt. When the debtor defaults,the creditor gets the right of priority claim for the pledge money as the repayment of the debt. In practice,the subject of money pledge usually specified as security deposit. There are three conditions to set up money pledge. First,it should sign a written pledge contract. Second,the money should be specific. Third,the specific money should transfer to the creditor’s possession. To determine whether to sign a pledge contract,it should follow the principle of substance over form. General terms of pledge contract are suitable criterion. Money specifies including account specify and funds specify. The name of the account should be specially named,displaying its function as a deposit account.Funds in the account can float,but it should be associated with the security deposit business. Transfer to the creditor’s possession including that the creditors could control and manage the account and the funds’ liquidity controlled by the creditors.