平谷桃园养分投入对土壤养分的影响

Nutrient Input Affects Soil Nutrients in Pinggu Peach Orchards

以平谷区101个桃园为研究对象,2016年,调查了施肥现状及其对土壤养分的影响。调查显示平谷区桃园施用有机肥以鸡粪、羊粪、猪粪、牛粪为主,化肥投入以复合肥或氮磷钾配合施用为主;2016年比2006年总N、总P_2O_5和总K_2O投入量高出1.6、1.6、1.8倍。由于桃园多年的过量养分投入,2016年与2006年和1981年土壤二次普查结果比较,土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均大幅提高;随着氮肥的施入土壤中平均碱解氮含量变化趋势不明显,随着磷肥的施入土壤中平均有效磷含量成显著的上升趋势,随着钾肥投入量的增加土壤中速效钾含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势。调查结果还显示平谷土壤氮素盈余量为444.6 kg N/hm^2,作物氮素吸收量/施氮量占比仅为45%;平谷土壤磷素盈余量为516.6 kg P2O5/hm^2,作物磷素吸收量/施磷量占比仅为22%;结论认为平谷调查点桃园氮养分和磷养分盈余造成了果园土壤氮和磷环境风险加大。因此,桃园要进行合理的养分管理以保证产量和品质的形成,以及桃园的可持续发展。

In 2016, 101 peach orchards in Pinggu District were taken as the study objects, to investigate the status of fertilization and its effect on soil nutrient. The results showed that organic fertilizer applied in peach orchards was mainly composed of chicken manure, sheep manure, pig manure and cow dung, while chemical fertilizer was mainly compound fertilizer and NPK fertilizer. The application amount of total N, total P2O5 and total K2O in 2016 was 1.6, 1.6 and 1.8 times higher than that of 2006. Due to the excessive nutrient input in peach orchards for years, in 2016, the contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in peach orchards were significantly higher than those in 2006 or the second soil survey in 1981. The change trend of average alkali nitrogen content in soil was not obvious as nitrogen fertilizer was applied in the soil, the average effective phosphorus content increased significantly as phosphate fertilizer was applied to soil, and the content of available potassium in soil increased first and then decreased as the potash input increased. The results also showed that the nitrogen surplus in Pinggu was 444.6 kg N/hm2, and the ratio of crop nitrogen absorption to nitrogen application accounted for only 45%;phosphorus surplus in Pinggu was 516.6 kg P2 O5/hm2, and the ratio of crop phosphorus absorption to phosphorus application accounted for only 22%;thus it could be seen, the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient surplus in peach orchards caused increasing environment risk of nitrogen and phosphorus in orchard soils. Therefore, peach orchards should carry out reasonable nutrient management to ensure the formation of production and quality, and the sustainable development of peach orchards.