超越价值的主观主义与客观主义——论克里考特的自然内在价值观

Beyond the Value Subjectivism and Objectivism: on Callicott's Intrinsic Value Theory of Nature

为非人类自然实体确立内在价值是环境伦理学的关键议题之一。在环境整体主义框架内,克里考特和罗尔斯顿的内在价值学说被认为是对此问题最有希望的两种解决方案。本文将具体分析克里考特从对自然主义内在价值论方法的整体批评出发,以"价值人类生成论"和量子物理学对主客二分的消弭这两种理论为基础,所提出的超越主观主义和客观主义对立的自然内在价值学说。同时澄清克里考特和罗尔斯顿的自然内在价值学说仅存在具体理论发展路径上的差异,不存在根本的理论动机和目标上的差异,因此不能视之为两种截然相反的观点。最后,通过论证克里考特内在价值学说无法通过"最后人类"问题的检验,揭示出其学说作为环境伦理学理论仍然需要更进一步的阐释和发展。

To identify the intrinsic value of nonhuman nature is one of central issues in Environmental Ethics.Callicott and Rolston have respectively proposed their own theory on this issue,which are widely considered as the most promising ones within the framework of environmental holism.Started from the criticism of naturalistic approach,Callicott proposes a value theory beyond subjectivism and objectivism,based on anthropogenic value and the rejection of the subject/object dichotomy through quantum physics.In this way,Callicott has the same goal but different approach in details with Rolston in developing an intrinsic value theory of nature.However,Callicott’s theory has difficulty in tackling the'Last Man'problem,which means that as a theory in environmental ethics it is still in need of further explanation and development.