超人类主义与生物保守主义之争——生物医学增强技术的生命政治哲学反思

Transhumanism Versus Bioconservatism:Philosophical Reflections of Biopolitics on Biomedical Enhancement Technology

生物医学技术具有双重目的:治疗和增强。随着增强功能的彰显,生物医学技术不再仅仅是寻求治疗疾病的健康技术,而成为重塑身体和改造生命的增强技术。更重要的是,生物医学增强技术在分子层面对身体和生命进行深度干预、塑造和设计,由此导致生命政治的转向,且形成了新的分子生命政治,产生了一系列的公众反应,从希望、不确定性到忧虑,引发了超人类主义和生物保守主义围绕着生命的性质、新优生学的选择、社会自由权利的限度、社会分裂的风险、技术的政治管制等议题进行争论。面对此种争议,应当摒弃简单的支持或反对的伦理立场,国家需要在政策层面规范生物医学增强技术,以确保此技术的负责任发展。

Biomedical technologies have a dual purpose:treatment and enhancement.With the advancement of the latter,biomedical technology is no longer just a health technology seeking to cure diseases,but an enhancement technology for reshaping the body and transforming life.More importantly,biomedical enhancement technologies are able to deeply intervene,shape and design the body and life at the molecular level,thus leading to the turn of biopolitics and forming molecular biopolitics.This has produced a series of public reaction,from hope and uncertainty to concerns and worries.Transhumanism and bioconservatism have been arguing about human nature,the choice of new eugenics,limits of social freedom and rights,the risk of social divide and the political control of technology.In the face of such controversies,the simple ethical standpoint of support or opposition should be abandoned.The government needs to regulate the development of biomedical enhancement technology at the policy level in order to ensure its responsible development.