中国古代官员退休制度与思考

The Retirement System of Ancient Chinese Officials and Reflections

官员退休制度,是职官管理制度的重要构成。古代官员退休制度内容涉及退休条件(年龄、身体状况、孝养)、退休待遇、退休后的安置与管理三个方面。古代官员退休制度的实施,不仅是一般意义上的年老退休,而是在人事进退过程中起到更新的作用;既有协调各种权力和利益分配的功能,又有安慰在职官员尽职尽责的效用;君主专制与官僚政治相结合,使官员退休制度不能够正常实行,还有可能成为政治斗争的工具。古代官员退休制度作为时代的产物,曾经在强化君主专制的中央集权制度、维护王朝的政治统治、规范官员行为等方面发挥过重要的作用,总结经验教训,提出一些值得思考的问题,也可对现代退休制度提供某种理论支持。

The official retirement system is an important component of the official management system. The retirement system of ancient officials involves three aspects of retirement conditions(age, physical condition, and support), retirement benefits, post-retirement placement and management. The implementation of the retirement system of ancient officials was not only retirement in the general sense, but played a renewed role in the process of personnel advancement and retreat. It did not only have the function of coordinating the distribution of powers and interests, but also had the effect of comforting the incumbent officials to do their duty. The combination of monarchy and bureaucratic politics made the official retirement system not function properly yet, became a tool for political struggle. As a product of the times, the ancient official retirement system had played an important role in strengthening the monarchy’s authoritarian centralization system, maintaining the political rule of the dynasty, regulating the behavior of officials, summing up lessons, and proposing some issues worthy of consideration. It also provided theoretical support to modern retirement systems.