荒地的概念、分类及其生态功能解析

Analysis of the Definition, Classification and Ecological Function of Wasteland

随着我国对生态环境保护日益重视,荒地作为生态用地的一种重要类型,其保护与开发已成为重要的研究课题。论文在梳理国内外荒地概念、厘清荒地与相关概念的关系以及系统分析中国、美国、印度土地分类的基础上,重新定义了我国荒地的概念,并针对我国国情将荒地划分为三种类型:荒野地、未利用地和废弃地。论文还首次提出荒地具有防风固沙、保育土壤、固碳释氧、涵养水源、保育生物多样性等多种生态功能的理念,这对我国荒地以及生态用地的开发与保护有重要意义。最后提出建议在我国现行土地分类体系中直接增列一类"生态用地",包括林地、草地、荒地、水域、滩涂等;在未来开发与保护荒地过程中,从观念上重视荒地的价值,建立荒地产权制度,编制自然资源资产负债表,加强对荒地的分类保护与开发。

About one-third of land in the world is approximately the basic conditions of wasteland. Wasteland is very wide and has a pivotal position on earth. Meanwhile, it bears very important ecological functions. In recent years, Chinese government and academia paid much attention to the wasteland. Protection and development of wasteland had become an important research topic. Although China has had a lot of provisions on wasteland, and scholars have carried out relevant research on wasteland from different aspects, the definitions and classifications of wasteland are not unified. This hinders the protection and development of wasteland to a certain extent. Firstly, this paper reviews existing definitions of wasteland and clarifies the relationship between wasteland and other related concepts, and then redefines the concept of wasteland: generally wasteland refers to unutilized, idle or abandoned land except for agricultural land and construction land. In the narrow sense wasteland refers only barren state of land, but with appropriate use it could be suitable for agriculture, forest, herd and energy corps. Secondly, this paper systematically analyzes the classification of wastelands in the United States and India, and on the basis of existing land classification system in China, it proposes to add the category of'ecological land', which plays the main ecological functions,provides ecological services and ecological products of woodland, grassland, wasteland, water and beaches directly or indirectly. At the same time it proposes to divide wasteland into three types: wilderness, unused and abandoned land. Thirdly, this article first recognizes that wasteland has various ecological functions, such as sand-fixation, soil conservation, carbon sequestration and oxygen release, water conservation, biodiversity conservation, etc., which has important implications for the development and protection of the ecological land and wasteland.Finally, this paper proposes four suggestions on the development and protection of wasteland in China in the future: pay attention to the value of wasteland, establish the property right system of wasteland, prepare the natural resources balance sheet, protect and develop wasteland by categories.