中国水价政策实证研究——以合肥市为例

Empirical Researchon Water Pricing Policiesin China:A Case Study in Hefei

针对我国水资源短缺、水污染严重及现行水价政策存在的诸多问题,本文提出了我国水价政策的基本原则和基于环境无退化的水价定价方法,在合肥市进行了实证研究,分析了水价改革的经济和环境效益,为我国水价政策的改革和完善提供依据和参考。研究表明,水污染物排放标准和水价标准要保证环境质量不退化;水价政策的定价原则包括环境无退化原则、全成本定价原则、公共和商业分置原则;环境无退化的水价定价方法具有显著的经济效益和环境效益,合肥市的水费收入增加34.17~55.47亿元,实现氨氮减排0.57~0.89万t,有利于实现水价政策目标,企业、居民和政府都可以承受基于环境无退化原则的水价改革;水价政策执行的监督管理亟待加强,否则水价政策设计再好也只是纸上谈兵;水价定价权应该下放到地方政府,国家对水价政策制定给予宏观指导。

Water shortages and pollution have become important constraints on sustainable economic and social development in China,threatening the safety of drinking water and food,and endangering human health. Water pricing policy and management failures are important reasons for water shortages and pollution. There are many problems in China's current water pricing policies,such as lax water pricing policies,structural imbalance and a lack of supervision. According to water shortages,serious water pollution and many problems with water pricing policies in China,we propose some basic principles for water pricing policies and pricing methods standards based on non- degradation of the environment. Using Hefei as a case study,the economic and environmental benefits of water pricing reforms are analyzed to provide a reference for reformation and improvement of water pricing policies. The results demonstrated that wastewater discharge standards and water prices should guarantee the quality of the water environment is not degraded.Basic principles include non- degradation of the environment,full- cost pricing and separation of public and commercial services. Water prices ensuring non- degradation of the environment had significant economic and environmental benefits. Revenue from water prices would increase by3.42~5.55 billion CNY and ammonia emissions would reduce by 5.7~8.9 thousand tons in Hefei,indicating that water pricing reformation is conducive to raising revenue and reducing emissions.In addition,enterprises,residents and governments all withstand water prices with the principle of non- degradation of the environment. As substantial non- treatment and secret water discharges exist,supervision and management of water pricing policies should be strengthened. Further,water pricing should be decentralized to local governments with the macro- guidance of the central government.