权利与利益区分视点下数据权益的类型化保护

On the Typed Protection of Data Rights and Interests from the Perspective of Differentiating Rights from Interests

在社会转型、经济转轨以及科技迭代发展的大数据背景下,数据相关的新型利益与权利诉求井喷式涌现,不同数据权益主体对数据保护的法律制度提出新的诉求与变革。个人数据、企业数据、公共数据等不同数据类型的法律属性、权利归属、使用规则以及法律适用均存在差异,既有法律规则难以对上述差异性作出有力解释,既有司法解决纠纷机制遭遇明显障碍。不同数据权益类型应作不同路径的类型化区分保护,权利与新型利益二元化保护方式不失为一种合理保护的过度方式。数据相关权益在法律保护位阶上存在强弱之分,数据权利优于数据利益保护,人格性数据利益优于财产性数据保护,公共利益优于私人数据利益保护。

Against the background of social transformation, economic transition and technology iteration, claims for new types of rights and interests in relation to data spring up, and different types of data rights and interest holders propose new requirements regarding the legal system of data protection. There are differences in the legal attributes, ownership of rights, rules of usage and legal application between different data types, such as personal data, enterprise data, public data, etc. Existing legal regulations are inadequate to give a convincing explanation for the above differences, and existing dispute resolution mechanisms encounter obvious obstacles. Different types of data rights and interests should be classified and protected in different ways. Dual protection for rights and new types of interests may well be a reasonable and transitional protection method. Different types of data-related rights and interests may enjoy different protection strength. Data rights are superior to data interests in protection strength, data interests concerning personality are superior to property data, and public data are superior to private data.