从关税战看一战前的德俄关系

The Relationship between Germany and Russia Demonstrated by the Tariff War before WWI

19世纪70年代的经济危机给德俄两国工农业生产、国家财政带来空前灾难。为摆脱危机,德国于1879年实施关税保护,俄国也以高关税回击,双方关系交恶;在双方陷入僵局之时,经过谈判缔结1894年贸易协定,两国关税实现互惠双方关系重回缓和"轨道";但后来由于日俄战争的爆发,俄国被迫签订1904年贸易协定,双方关系降至冰点。在德俄围绕关税展开的博弈中,两国政治、外交也随之发生相应变化,关税的高低可谓是两国关系亲疏的"晴雨表"。

The economic crisis in the 1870 s brought an unprecedented disaster for the agricultural and industrial productions and finance of Germany and Russia. To get rid of the crisis, Germany in 1879 began to implement tariff protection policy, to which Russia responded with high tariff policy, thus causing the deterioration of the relation between the two countries. In a stalemate of the bilateral relations the two countries negotiated and concluded trade agreement in 1894, then the bilateral relations achieved detente. However, due to the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War, Russia was forced to sign trade agreement in 1904. Consequently, the bilateral relation fell to freezing point. In the game over tariffs between Germany and Russia, the two countries' politics and diplomacy also changed,which shows that the discretion of the tariff is the 'barometer' of the two countries' relations.