1953年私营工商业的增产节约运动——以苏州鸿生火柴厂为个案的考察

The Increasing Production and Conservation Campaign of Private Industry and Commerce in 1953——A Case Study of Suzhou Hongsheng Match Factory

建国初期,为缓解财政困难,支援朝鲜战争,政府号召发起一场全国性增产节约运动。1952年,运动方向逐渐转为为国家大规模工业建设积累资金。1953年下半年,鸿生火柴厂党支部响应中央和地方政府号召,领导全厂加紧节约步伐,改制短梗。针对企业遗存的低质、冗工、管理混乱、劳资态度消极等问题,首先从思想上进行改造,而后依靠群众根据实际情况分车间掌握、制定计划,不断改进,最终超额完成任务,值得肯定。不过,以鸿生火柴厂为代表的私营工商业看似从增产节约运动中获得发展,本质仍是服从国家计划需要的产物,资本家逐渐失去生产经营的主导权,企业同市场割裂开来,终归要走上合营的道路。

In the early years of New China,a nationwide increasing production and conservation campaign was launched by the government to alleviate financial difficulties and support the Korean War. After 1952,the goal of the movement was gradually turned to the accumulation of funds for large-scale industrial construction. In the second half of 1953,in response to the call of the central and local governments,the Party Branch of Hongsheng match factory played a leading role in implementing the policy in the factory,taking to using shorter stems match. In order to solve the problems such as low quality,redundancy,management confusion,low morale of laborers and capitalists,the Party Branch first enhanced the enthusiasm of the masses through ideological transforming. According to the actual situation in the workshop,they designed production plans,repeatedly improving their practice,and overfulfilled the production quota. The privately-owned industrial and commercial enterprises,with Hongsheng matches factory being the representative,seemed to have developed and benefited from the campaign,yet their development was essentially a compromise to the needs of the national plan. Capitalists gradually lost the autonomy of production and management,and the enterprises,once separated from the market,were now on the way to their transformation into joint ventures.