從西郊到圓丘——《文館詞林·後魏孝文帝祭圓丘大赦詔》所見孝文帝的祭天禮儀

From the Western Suburbs 西郊 to the Circular Altar 圓丘:The Sacrifice at the Circular Altar by Xiaowendi 孝文帝of the Northern Wei 北魏 as Seen in a Decree in the Wenguan Cilin 文館詞林

《文館詞林》卷六六五及卷六七○所載《後魏孝文帝祭圓丘大赦詔一首》是孝文帝在太和九年(485)十一月委粟山圓丘祭祀時發布的一道詔書,這道詔書在《魏書》中未收録。關於孝文帝的祭天禮儀,學界已有康樂的大作《從西郊到南郊——國家祭典與北魏政治》(稻禾出版社,1995年),他將祭天由西郊向南郊的轉换視爲孝文帝漢化政策的象徵。不過,孝文帝並非僅僅將西郊的祭天禮儀改爲南郊。除此之外,他還在洛陽委粟山修築了圓丘用以祭天。從禮學上區别圓丘與南郊的是後漢大儒鄭玄。先行研究已經指出。

In this article, I consider the question of why Xiaowendi of the Northern Wei revived the Circular Altar. The Circular Altar during the Northern Wei is usually said to have been based on Zheng Xuan’s 鄭玄 theories,but the actual rites performed there differed from the universal sacrifices to Heaven advocated by Zheng Xuan, and they carried over elements of the nomadic sacrifices to Heaven that had been performed in the western suburbs of Pingcheng 平城.While drawing on the theories of Zheng Xuan, the Circular Altar during the Northern Wei amalgamated the Heaven of nomadic society and the Heaven of China.