《大乘經纂要義》與吐蕃“十善經本”

The "Summary of the Essential Points of the Mahāyāna Sūtras" and the Tibetan "Copies of the Sūtras of the Ten Virtues"

一、緒論佛教初傳吐蕃時期,據稱曾有所謂'玄秘靈物'(gnyan po gsang ba)從天而降,其中即有後被藏文的創制者通彌·桑布札(Thon mi Sambhota)辨認出的《十善經》(dGe ba bcu’i mdo)一部。據稱松贊干布(Srong btsan sgam po,r.629—650)時期,亦曾效仿'十善'(dge ba bcu)制定法律。

For studying the history of Tibetan Buddhism,the'Copies of the Sutras of the Ten Virtues'(Shishan Jingben)is a significant issue,which relates to the Buddhist culture and the relationship between politics and religion in early Tibet.Under the background of the eastward spread of Buddhism-supporting movements in the Tibetan empire,the'Summary of the Essential Points of the Mahāyāna Sūtras'(Dasheng Jingzuan Yaoyi,Dunhuang Manuscripts P 2298,S 553,and S 3966)was promulgated by the king Khri gtsug lde btsan(r.815-838)in 822 to order'copying the Sūtras of the Ten Virtues'across the whole of Great Tibet(Dafan Guo).According to philological research,this article shows that Dunhuang Manuscripts PT 614,PT 800+6.1,PT 616+660,PT 238+963,and PT 698,De bzhin gshegs pa’i gsung rab mDo sde las mdo btus pa,were exactly the Tibetan versions of the'Summary of the Essential Points of the Mahāyāna Sūtras',which belonged to the Tibetan official Buddhism outlines,and were modeled on Nāgārjuna’s mDo kun las btus pa.The'Sūtras of the Ten Virtues'(dGe ba bcu’i mdo/chos/khrims)mentioned in historical records of the second propagation of Tibetan Buddhism(phyi dar),which have not been confirmed by scholars for a long time,were the data sources the'Copies of the Sūtras of the Ten Virtues'.Based on three Dunhung manuscripts,ITJ 135,PT 970.1,and PT 969,a group of Tibetan sutras concerning the'Path of the Ten Virtues',this article points out clearly that the text prototype of the'Copies of the Sutras of the Ten Virtues'in old Tibetan documents could be divided into three systems:1)Byang chub sems dpa’i spyod yul gyi thabs kyi yul la rnam par’phrul ba bstan pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo;2)'Sa bcu pa’i mdo;3)Klu’i rgyal po rgya mtshos zhus pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo.This article emphasizes that the promulgation of the'Copies of the Sūtras of the Ten Virtues'was not only coincided with the political environment after the Sino-Tibetan treaty in 821-822,but also related to the'practicing the Path of the Ten Virtues'of the idea of Cakravartiraja(Chos rgyal),which originated from India and spread across China’s western regions.