中国城市劳动力市场上性别歧视的计量与分解

Measurement and Decomposition of Gender Discrimination in China's Urban Labor Market

本文关注中国城市劳动力市场上性别歧视的存在性及其来源,通过Heckman两步法和Appleton分解,我们发现:男性的小时工资率比女性高出13.56%,在控制了选择偏差之后,这一比例上升为20.43%;由于女性劳动者占优的个体特征在一定程度上缩小了性别工资差异,男女工资差异的绝大部分是由收益率差异构成的;在不考虑就业概率的情况下,工资差异主要来源于女性劳动者在经验、婚姻状况、所有制性质和健康状况方面较低的收益率;在考虑到选择偏差和就业概率后,工资差异则主要来自于就业歧视。这意味着要减少并消除性别歧视,应当从创造男女平等的就业机会开始,并把提高女性的受教育程度作为十分重要的政策措施。

The paper focuses on whether or not there is gender discrimination in China's labor market and if any,what the sources are.By Heckman's two-step method and Appleton decomposition,we find that the male worker's hourly wage is higher than the female's by about 13. 56% initially and then increasing to 20. 43% when sample selection bias has been controlled. Because of female worker's dominant individual characteristics,price effects account for the main proportion of the wage gap to some extent,which reflects the existence of the gender discrimination. Gender discrimination mainly stems not only from female worker's lower return in variables of experience,marital status,ownership and health,but also from employment discrimination when selection bias and employment rate are taken into account. The findings above imply that ensuring woman's educational rights,eliminating the inherent prejudice to woman's employment and realizing fair treatment to woman's wage will be very important policies for China in the future.