低异交率短翼瓣型蚕豆材料的发掘及利用

Identification and Utilization of Short Wing Petal Broad Bean(Vicia faba L.)Germplasm

蚕豆属常异花授粉作物,平均异交率30%左右,高异交率导致其在推广应用中品种一致性、稳定性降低。受媒介及气候因素影响,由传统种质中选育得到的低异交率品种稳定性差。选育具有特殊花器结构的蚕豆品种,减少虫媒觅食授粉,可降低自然异交率,使品种一致性、稳定性得以稳定保持。本研究从云南地方资源中发掘自然变异短翼瓣型蚕豆材料1份,命名为81-37。短翼瓣型花器可避免虫媒与花器接触,即短翼瓣花器结构不利于虫媒驻足采蜜,大幅减少虫媒为介质的异交现象,实现自花授粉,使异交率由30%左右降低至5%以内。以短翼瓣型蚕豆材料、普通型蚕豆材料为亲本进行杂交或回交,从子代中选育具有短翼瓣型花器结构的高产优质蚕豆品种进行推广应用,使品种熟期、花色、种皮种脐颜色、子叶颜色、株高、荚形及营养品质得以稳定保持,提高农产品质量,稳固产量;使品种抗逆性、适用性得以稳定保持,增加原种使用年限,推进产业发展。为蚕豆种质资源保存、品种选育及良种繁育提供优良材料及技术支撑。

Broad bean(Vicia faba L.)often exhibits an average outcrossing rate of about 30%.This phenomenon greatly led to the decline of uniformity and stability of broad bean cultivars.Due to the consequences caused by the climate and pollination factors,breeding for lower outcrossing rate using normal germplasm was un-able to be well maintained.However,identification of cultivars with special flower structures,which could reduce honey forage behaviour of insect medium,is considered to be a better strategy.In this study,a natural mutation of broad bean showing short wing petal was obtained from Yunnan province and named 81-37.This character exhibited potential to impede the insects on gathering nectar,thus resulting in reduction on insectinduced outcrossing.The outcrossing rate of short wing petal type decreased from 30%to 5%compared to the common types of broad bean.By using this mutant for crossing and back-crossing with common types of broad bean,the offsprings with the characters of short wing petal were selected for further cultivar breeding and production.This helped to keep the stability of stress resistance,adaption,growing period,flower color,seed coat and hilum color,cotyledon color,plant height,pod shape,seed nutrition,and maintained the high yield and better quality of broad bean cultivars,which prolonged the durable years of cultivars,benefited the industrial development of broad bean.Thus,this work provided a special germplasm being valuable in breeding for broad bean varieties.