阶层分化、消费竞争与农村老年人闲暇——基于浙江金村实地调查

Consumption,Leisure,and Social Stratification among the Rural Elderly:The Case of Jinchun Village of Zhejiang Province

改革开放以来,浙江金村农民在市场经济中迅速崛起并发生深刻的阶层分化。物质消费档次和闲暇圈子成为人们阶层、身份、品位和面子的表达符号,并进一步演化为'二次分化'的隐蔽机制。在青年家庭中,由消费期待与支付能力之间的张力引发的地位焦虑,经由代际关系分散转移到父代家庭。为了支持子代家庭的体面维持和地位改善,父代家庭自愿地进行自我闲暇剥削,金村从事卖菜、帮工、念经的中老年妇女就是这一群体的代表,与中上层家庭构成的有闲阶层相对应,金村出现了一个无闲阶层。村落社会中的经济生活分层经由消费竞争机制、代际支持机制和闲暇圈子机制生产出文化交往分层,进一步将同一村落的村民区隔开来。

Driven by a rapidly expanding market economy,profound stratification has taken place among the villagers in Jinchun of Zhejiang province during the reform era,who associate different consumption levels and leisure activities with one’s social status,identity,taste,and'face'.This article examines the complex mechanisms behind a'second differentiation'within the rural families of different generations.To save face and improve the standing of their children and family,parents voluntarily engage in'self-exploitation'as seen in middle-and old-age women’s involvement in selling vegetables,hiring themselves out for wages,or chanting scriptures for local temples.Hence the rise of a'leisure-less group'contrasts sharply with the'leisure group'of middle-and high-income families in Jinchun.Villagers of the same community thus are further divided because of their differentiation in sociocultural interactions,which originated from the stratification of their economic lives and developed through the mechanisms of competition in consumption,intergenerational support,and different grouping for leisure.