“客耕农”与城市郊区的小农农业——基于上海的实证研究

“Outside Farmers” and Small-Farm Agriculture in Suburban Areas:The Case of Suburban Shanghai

本文的研究对象是在上海市郊租种土地,以家庭为单位从事高价值农产品种植或养殖的外地农民———'客耕农'。研究表明,随着工业化和城市化的快速推进,本地农民逐渐被客耕农所替代,呈现为农业劳动力在农业产业内的空间梯度转移。与此同时,受居民食品消费结构变迁的影响,客耕农的种养结构也逐渐从粮食作物转型为蔬菜瓜果和水产畜禽。通过实地调查和资料分析可以发现,客耕农呈现出数量大、增长快、来源地相对集中、以家庭经营为主、多从事高值农产品生产和年龄结构优于本地农民等特征。与依赖政府高度计划和财政高额补贴的松江粮食家庭农场不同,客耕农所从事的'新农业'具有'劳动—资本双密集'的特点,其亩产值、净收益及可吸纳的劳动力均远高于粮食作物,通过市场机制获取可观的收益,形成了一种适度规模的高收入小农场。但小农经营的固有弱点和异地务农的特有困境,使得客耕农在大市场和政府面前依然处于相对弱势的地位。地方政府如能真正认识到客耕农对于本地农业生产的不可或缺并加大对其扶持的力度,则既可提升弱势的客耕农的收入水平和生存境况,又能确保农产品的本地自给率和质量安全。

This study investigates the'outside farmers'(客耕农kegengnong)in suburban Shanghai,who grow high-value agricultural produce or animals/aquatic products on leased land.As a result of rapid industrialization and urbanization,these outside farmers have increasingly replaced local villagers in agricultural production,and the structure of agriculture has also shifted from growing grain crops to vegetables,fruits,poultry,livestock,and aquatic products.Growing fast and originating from localities of same regions,the outside farmers display a more optimal age structure than local residents,and their production takes the form of family-based managerial business.Unlike the family farms for grain production in Songjiang,who heavily depend on the government’s planning and subsidies,the outside farmer’s'new agriculture'is characteristic of its'dual intensity'in labor and capital inputs.Its high-level productivity and profitability in relation to grain production account for the booming of such highincome farms of moderate scale in suburban Shanghai.Nevertheless,given the inherent problems with small farming on the leased land,the outside farmers remain in a disadvantaged position in relation to the capricious market and the government;their survival and improvement in income levels require supportive measures by local authorities,which would help improve the self-sufficiency and quality-control in the supply of agricultural goods to the local area.