直觉与分析

Intuition and Analysis

哲学兼具综合与分析。分析是一种认知模式,因而受制于分析者的判断、直觉和感受性。诉诸直觉会遭遇分析哲学家的四种诘难。第一个诘难是直觉与分析的联系并不紧密,对此的回应是:没有分析的直觉将无法言说,而没有直觉的分析是含糊而盲目的。第二个诘难是,直觉是一种认知活动,没有结构与之对应,而理论是关于结构的阐释,因此没有关于直觉的理论。然而,正是因为心智缺乏结构,心智才得以看"入"与看"着"自身,若不求助于直觉,理论就不可能建立。第三个诘难是反对把直觉纳入语义学的哲学分析中,对此的回应是:理论建构只有基于直觉才是可能的,并且分析性思维在每一步骤中都渗透着直觉。第四个诘难是"诉诸直觉是心理主义的一个实例",但不借助于直觉,分析、永恒实体、思想、涵义或真等概念都得不到理解。

Rosen suggested that philosophy is both synthetical and analytical. Analysis is a mode of cognition,and is therefore regulated by the judgment,intuition,or sensibility of the analyst. An appeal to intuition is usually faced with four objections which stem from analysts. The first one is that intuition is not connected to analysis tightly,but Rosen responded that intuition without analysis is mute,but analysis without is inarticulate as well as blind. The second objection is that intuition is a cognitive activity to which no structure corresponds,but a theory is an account of a structure,so that there can be no theory of intuition. Rosen refuted that it is just because intellect lacks structure,it can look 'into' and look 'at' itself,and theory is impossible without recourse to intuition. The third objection against considering intuition within a philosophical analysis of semantics,and Rosen claimed that theory construction is possible only on the basis of intuition,and analytical thinking is saturated with intuition at each step. The fourth difficulty is that 'an appeal to intuition is an instance of psychologism'. Rosen refuted it by a case study of Frege's theory of sense,the conclusion is that we no more commit ourselves to psychologism by invoking intuition than we do by invoking analysis,and the concepts such as analysis,eternal entities,thoughts,senses,or truths make no sense without recourse to intuition.