哲学的三种境界

Three Realms of Philosophy

“哲学”在涉及“人”与“世界”的关系上有以下的三种形态:自由的智慧、科学的知识和存在的方式。这也是“哲学”为“人”“开显”出的三种境界。这三种境界,都有哲学的历史发展根据,因而也是哲学发展的三种历史形态。哲学从古代希腊开始,确立了自己的学术特征:哲学为一种自由的智慧,为自由的学问。哲学的历史乃是自由深化和学术完善的过程。哲学进一步的发展,使哲学在深层次上成为最为贴近现实生活的学问,理解这段哲学的历史,不妨重新探讨康德在《实践理性批判》里提出的“实践理性”对“理论理性”具有优越性这一思想,从实践理性的自由意志进入实际生活,不失为理解上个世纪欧洲哲学的一个途径。

This article is trying to approach 'philosophy' by three steps concerning the relationship between 'man' and 'the world' : free wisdom, scientific knowledge and the form of being, which are also the three realms that 'philosophy' set for 'man'. These three realms are all based on the historical development of philosophy so they are also three historical forms of philosophical development. Philosophy has established its own academic characteristics since ancient Greece, i. e. , philosophy is free wisdom and a free subject. History of philosophy is that of free deepening and academic perfection. The further development makes it closest to the real life. To understand the history, we should study anew the idea of 'practical reason' presiding over 'theoretical reason' put forward by Kant in his Critique of Practical Rationality while to enter the real life from the freewill of practical reason can help understand European history of last century.