农业现代化的发展路径与方向问题

On the Route to and Orientation of Agricultural Modernization

20世纪50年代后期中国推行了第一次土地规模化为主的农业现代化,其原因是中国不能像西方国家通过对外殖民掠夺扩张来形成本国工业化的原始积累,只能在资本极度稀缺的约束条件下通过农业集体化实行内向型积累来推进工业化。1998年开始的以产业化为主的第二次农业现代化,主要背景是东亚危机导致城市工商业资本过剩,通过农业去资源化而实现资本化并占有剩余。此次农业现代化的结果是:一方面农业主产品都有明显增加;另一方面也造成了农产品过剩、食品安全问题和生态破坏。21世纪确立生态文明之后的第三次农业现代化应该是适应中产阶级崛起的农业三产化为主,通过综合性合作社内部化占有要素重新定价所产生的增量收益,使农业成为一个相对投入产出合理的多功能农业。

In the late 1950 s,China saw its first agricultural modernization drive focusing on farmland scale management. The reason for this is that China could not complete its primitive accumulation for its industrialization through colonization as some western countries did. Hence,under the restraint of extreme capital scarcity,it had to turn to agricultural collectivization to make internal- oriented accumulation to push forward its industrialization.The second agricultural modernization drive initiated in 1998,was set in the East Asia Crisis,which resulted in industrial and commercial capital surplus in cities. So the purpose of the drive was to achieve capitalization and take possession of the surplus through resource utilization in agriculture. As a result,on the one hand,main products of agriculture increased remarkably,on the other hand,some problems arose,i. e.,surplus of farm products,food safety,ecological damage. The third agricultural modernization drive in the 21 st century featuring ecological advancement is tertiary- industry- oriented,which is adjusted to the rise of China's middle- class,and enables the agriculture to grow into a multi- functional one with relatively rational input and output through re- pricing increment benefits after the acquisition of essential factors within the comprehensive cooperatives.