朱熹、毛奇龄和丁若镛的《周易》占筮观比较研究

A Comparation of Zhu Xi's,Mao Qiling's,and Jeong Yak-yong's Views on Divination of the Zhouyi

朱熹、毛奇龄和丁若镛都以《易》为卜筮之书,但他们的思想在产生背景、具体象数理论的展开以及对揲蓍法的理解等方面又存在巨大差异。首先,在思想的产生背景方面,朱熹占筮观的思想背景是性理学,他试图把道家的自然观结合到以人为中心的儒家思维中来,要把局限于义理框架的《周易》拓展到象数领域,恢复其象数的内容。毛奇龄则从"事功"与"实事求是"的观点上批判理学,集中声讨宋明理学中的道家内容,以使《周易》回到以人为中心的原始儒家视域。而丁若镛则以阐明经典之原义为研究《周易》之目的,认为朱熹的理法之天与三圣作《易》之本来意义相违背。其次,在具体象数思想的展开方面,朱熹以卦爻辞为卜筮而设,非为论理而设,因此研究《周易》要先理解象数。与朱熹一样,毛奇龄也重视《周易》的象,但他认为朱熹不知正确的取象方法,并提出"五易说"作为解释《周易》的新框架。丁若镛一方面肯定毛奇龄的"推易"对卦爻辞的形成起了重要作用,另一方面则批评其不知爻变、卦变之说。第三,在对揲蓍法的理解,如"大衍之数五十"的问题、"挂一以象三"的问题、"再扐而后挂"的问题、变爻个数的问题等等方面三人也都有各自不同的理解。

Zhu Xi(1130-1200),Mao Qiling(1623-1716),and Jeong Yak-yong(1762-1836)share the same view that the Book of Changes is a book of divination.As this point of view was rare in the history of Changes studies,this paper compares their specific view and attempts to highlight new patterns of thinking in respect to the ideological background by which they establish their views on divination,exegetical approaches they reestablished,and the specific contents of the divinatory methods they developed respectively.Zhu Xi's view was based on the human nature-oriented Neo-Confucianism;he pragmatically confirms that the Zhou Changes was originally a book of divination and simultaneously expanded its natural principle in the flexible usage of its divinatory function,attempting to merge his view with his Neo-Confucianism,in the course of which Zhu Xi abundantly accepted the idea of naturalness from Daoism.In Mao Qiling's view,Zhu Xi's scholarship on the Changes was not orthodox.Through divination,Mao tried to reproduce the original features of the orthodox Confucian approaches to the Yi jing,and attempted to reinterpret the Book of Changes based on his"five modes of changes."Jeong Yak-yong also strived to restore the original features of Confucian Changes,but different from Mao Qiling,Jeong attempted to establish anintegrated system based on thetheory of line changes(yaobian 爻变).The views on divination developed by them were further developed to a concrete divinatory method by Jeong,two layers of which are noteworthy:one is his new understanding of the"pinching one milfoil stalk between the fingers so as to represent the three"related to the divinatory method of"Great Expansion"in the"Commentary on the Appended Phrases(Xi ci系辞);the other is his noval view that there was only one changing line,based on his assertion that each stalk was inscribed with a different hexagram and name.These insights can be considered to have opened a new epoch of the scholarship on the Changes.