《周易》“大人虎变”“君子豹变”异文疏解——兼论《尚书》中的两个“辩”字

On the Variants of Bian 变in the Fifth Line Statement of Hexagram Ge[■,49]——Simultaneously on the Character Bian 辩 in the Book of Documents

《周易》革卦'大人虎变''君子豹变'中的'变'字,熹平石经作'辩',马王堆帛书作'使'。'变'和'辩'都应读为'弁'。虎皮、豹皮做的弁文采斐然,所以《象传》说'其文炳也''其文蔚也'。战国楚地的《周易》中,这个字很可能本来写作■、■一类形体,是'弁'。由于当时'史''弁'混同,有些版本上的'弁'被误认成了'史(使)'。在有的版本中,'弁'被按照当时'弁'的一种习惯用法读成了'变'。而在有的版本中,'弁'又被读成了同音的'辩'。这就是马王堆《周易》'使'、今本《周易》'变'和熹平石经《周易》'辩'字的由来。与此相关的是,《尚书·酒诰》'勿辩乃司民湎于酒'及《书序》或本'王辩荣伯作《贿肃慎之命》'的'辩'字,应当本来是'史(使)'字,被错认作了'弁',后来又被读作同音的'辩'。这几个例子说明,早期文献中存在着一些由于战国楚简中'史''弁'混同导致误认并衍生出众多异文的例子,有待于进一步的关注和探索。

The character bian变in the fifth line statement daren hu bian and and the sixth line statement junzi bao bian in hexagrams Ge[■,49]of the Zhou yi has two textual variants,namely shi使in the Mawangdui silk manuscript and bian辩in the Xiping(172-178 CE)Stone Classics edition.Among these variants,bian变and bian辩ought to be read as bian弁,which means hat.Hats made of tiger and leopard skin are gorgeous,hence the Commentary on the Image of these two lines are qi wen bing/wei ye(its pattern is so bright and colorful).It is highly likely that the character bian变was originally bian弁in the Warring States(475-221 BCE)era’s Zhou yi manuscripts,and in some cases bian弁was mistaken for shi史(使),in that bian弁and shi史were quite graphically similar at that time,while in some editions bian弁was read into bian变and in others into bian辩.What is related to this is the bian辩in the'wu bian nai si min mian yu jiu勿辩乃司民湎于酒'in the Jiu gao(The Announcement against Drinking)chapter and'wang bian rong bo zuo hui su shen zhi ming王辩荣伯作《贿肃慎之命》'in the Shu xu(Preface to the Book of Documents)included in the Book of Documents,which was possibly shi史(使)at the very beginning,later was mistaken for bian弁,and was further read into bian辩.These cases indicate that graphic errors and textual variants resulting from the confusion of shi史and bian弁in the Warring States period Chu bamboo slips widely existed in early texts and remain to be explored.