圣人之道为体喇嘛之道为用──清朝边疆政治与族群政治架构议

The Way of the Sage Aided with the Way of the Lama──On the Structure of Frontier Politics and Ethnic Politics of the Qing Dynasty

清朝从国家政治制度架构、体系的角度改变农业王朝长期面临内亚游牧势力威胁的格局,从战略和制度层面改善王朝在地缘政治上的缺陷,使得"文明"形态的国家开始转型为"领土国家",在中国自身的历史脉络中开启了近代转型的进程。清朝的成就源自它的三个重要国策:顺应中国历史独特的动力与独特的演变逻辑,将中国历史上边疆与中原的长期互动合并;不断强化满─汉之间的利益共同体关系;让"满、蒙、回、藏、汉"五个族群间的政治关联与互动,构成清朝战略安全的有机防线。在这三项国策之下,清朝确立自己必须得到政治上的"正统"和立国政策上以中原农耕地区为"根基",基于此,有必要坚持以中原农耕地区的传统意识形态──宋、明理学为核心("体")。

The Qing dynasty started the process of modern transformation from the context of Chinese history in a few important aspects. It changed the pattern of agriculture dynasty succumbed to the Nomadic regime from the perspective of the state political structure and system; it improved its defects in geopolitics and started the transition process of a country of ' Chinese civilization ' to a ' territorial state '. The Qing' s achievements were closely related to its three important policies: first,complying with China's unique dynamic of history and the unique logic of historic evolution,and merging the long- term interaction between the borderland and the Central Plains; secondly,continuing to enhance the common interests between the Manchu and Han; and thirdly,making political association and interaction among the five major ethnic groups( Manchu,Han,Mongol,Muslim and Tibetan) to form an organic andstrategic defense of the dynasty. Under these three major policies,the Qing was determined to establish political orthodoxy and make state policy by taking the Central Plains agricultural area inhabited by Han Chinese as the basis. Therefore,It was necessary to adhere to Confucianism- Han Chinese 's traditional ideology- as the core of ruling ideology,and Tibetan Buddhism as a political tool. For aneffective use of both Confucianism and Tibetan Buddhism,the Qing designed relevant technical systems,and reconfirmed this principle repeatedly.