论康熙时期治理湘西的政策调整

Policy Adjustment in the Governance of Xiangxi in Emperor Kangxi's Reign

康熙前期,致力于平息来自清廷内部的反叛势力,以稳定政局,故对西南"土司区"和"生界区"实施很少触动的施政方略。其后随着漠西蒙古准噶尔部的坐大,西北防务吃紧。尤其是经"昭莫多之战"准噶尔部势力受挫后,漠西蒙古和硕特部却乘势而起,蚕食了康区东部已归附清廷的土司领地,由此引发了"西炉之战"。"西炉之战"前后,清廷鉴于经历战后的四川残破,于是以相对富足的比邻的湖广为根除漠西蒙古威胁的后勤补给基地。然而长江和沅水两大驿路为湖广入川滇通道,夹在两条驿路之间湘西地区的社会安定,也就成为巩固边防之急务。为确保两大驿路畅通,"西炉之战"前后清廷改变此前的施政常态,不仅加强了湘西地区军政布防,而且武力开辟"湘西苗疆",撤废苗疆土司,废除永保土司"担承制度",在西南苗疆"生界"率先设置了"二厅"。朝廷上述政策调整是服务于整个西南战略决策的必要举措,为最终击败漠西蒙古奠定了稳定的后勤保障。

In the early period of Emperor Kaongxi’s reign,Kangxi committed himself to appeasing the rebellious forces in the Qing court and stabilizing the political situation.As a result,he rarely implemented administrative strategies in Southwestern“chieftain area”and“Miao area outside governance”.Afterwards,Zhungeer Tribe in Mongolia became powerful and the Northwest defense became tight.After the Battle of Jao Modo,Zhungeer Tribe suffered a setback,while Mongolia of the West desert and Shoute Tribe rose in power and encroached on the chieftain territory belonging to the Qing court in Eastern Kham,leading to the Battle of Xilu.Around the battle,considering the wrecked situation of Sichuan,the Qing court used Hubei and Hunan,two rich neighbors of Sichuan,as the logistical supply base to eliminate the threat from Mongolia.Since the Yangtze River and Yuanshui River were the two passages to enter Sichuan and Yunnan from Hubei and Hunan,keeping the social stability of Xiangxi area between the two rivers became the urgent task of consolidating frontier defense.In order to ensure the smooth passage of the two rivers,the Qing court changed its previous governance policy by strengthening military and political defense in Xiangxi,opening up Xiangxi Miao territory by force,abolishing Miao chieftain and the bearing system of Yongbao Tusi,and setting up two departments in“Miao area outside governance”.The above policy adjustments were necessary measures for the overall Southwestern strategies and provided a stable logistical support for the final defeat of Mongolia.