正祀与民间信仰的“非遗”化:对民间信仰两种文化整合战略的比较

From National Sacrifice System to Heritage of Folk Beliefs: A Comparison of Two Types of Cultural Integration Strategy for Folk Beliefs

中国在历史上曾将在一定地域范围内有影响的民间神灵列入正祀体系,对民间信仰进行整合,借此实现大传统对小传统的吸纳,实现文化的正统化和大传统的地方化。民国之后,民间信仰处于不受重视或抑制的状态。2006年5月20日,国务院正式公布了《第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录》,一些有影响的庙会祭典被列入其中。各级非物质文化遗产为民间信仰提供了新的合法化途径。与正祀体系不同的是,民间信仰的"非遗"化强调的是民间信仰的地方性和特异性。因此,民间信仰的"非遗"化战略在整合文化的同时,还表现出不容忽视的潜在的解构功能。

In traditional China, the central government achieved the goal of cultural integration through national sacrifice system(Zheng Si). The national sacrifice system was an open system which legitimated popular religions and localized the great tradition by absorbing local gods into national sacrifice in a certain geographical area. In the period of the Republic of China, this system ceased to be effective for the reason that popular religions in China were stigmatized and illegalized. On May 20, 2006, the State Council officially announced the first batch of National Intangible Cultural Heritage Catalogue and some influential temple ceremonies were included. The intangible cultural heritage at all levels provides a new way of seeking legitimacy for all kinds of popular religions. Different from the effect of national sacrifice system on popular religions, the protection of popular religions as heritage emphasizes their local and special features, but at the same time, brings unintended consequences, including disintegration of cultural integrity and decentralization in some areas.