1Thom S-E, Wickbom G, Philipson L, et al. Myoelectric activity in the stomach and duodenum after epidural administration of morphine of bupivacaine. Acta Anaesthesil Scand, 1996,40:773-778.
2Thoren T, Sundberg A, Wattwil M, et al. Effect of epidural bupivacaine and epidural morphine on bowel function and pain after hysterectomy. Acta Anacsthesiol Scand, 1999,33:181-185.
3Liu S, Carpenter Rl, Neal JM. Epidural anesthesia and analgesia:their role in postoperative outcome. Anesthesiology, 1995,82: 1474-1432.
4Graber JN, Schulte WJ, Condon RE, et al. Relationship of duration of postoperative ileus to extent and site of operative dissection. Surgery, 1998,92: 87-92.
5Cathpole BN. Ileus: use of sympathetic blocking agents in its treatment. Surgery, 1999,66: 811-820.
6Rimback G, Cassuto J, Tollesson P-O. Treatment of postoperative paralytic ileus by intravenous lidocaine infusion. Anesth Analg, 1990,70:414-419.
7Johansson K, Ahn H, Lindhagen J, et al. Effect of epidural anaesthesia on intestinal blood flow. Br J Surg, 1998,75:73-76.
8Schnitzler M, Kilbride M, Senagore A. Effect of epidural analgesia on colorectal anastomotic healing and colonic motility. Reg Anesth,1992,17:143-147.
9Udassin R, Eimerl D, Schiffman J, et al. Epidural anesthesia accelerates the recovery of postischemic bowel motility in the rat. Anesthesiology, 1998,80: 833-826.
10Carlstedt A, Nordgren S, Fasth S, et al. Epidural anaesthesia and postoperative colorectal motility: a possible hazard to a colorectal anastomosis. Int J Colorect Dis, 1999,4:144-149.