夏商时期玉虎的渊源与流变

The Origin and Development of Jade Tigers in the Xia and Shang Periods

夏商时期的玉虎,经历了石家河文化晚期中晚段、二里头文化、商代中期、商代晚期前段、商代晚期后段等几个发展阶段。笔者推测夏商时期玉虎的渊源在石家河文化晚期的早中段。夏商时期玉虎的流变,一方面是在商代晚期前段由玉虎演化出玉龙,另一方面是直接向西周时期玉虎演化。西周时期承袭了商代晚期玉虎的文化传统,发展了玉虎造型的种类,产生了诡异凶猛的玉虎,以及形象更为逼真的玉虎,新出现片状镂雕玉虎,为东周图案化装饰纹样玉虎的产生奠定了基础。

The development of jade tiger of the Xia and Shang periods can be classified into several stages.Those found before the late Shijiahe period were mainly from the Linjiatan Culture.Some scholars believe that the beast images of the Linagzhu Culture might be depicting tigers.To the contrary,the author argues the Liangzhu image should be related to crocodile.The jade tigers of the Lingjiatan culture should be irrelevant with those of the Shijiahe.During the late Shang period,jade dragons were developed out of jade tigers.Jade tigers of the Western Zhou Period were more vivid in comparison with those of the Shang period.