清代环渤海地区的粮食贸易——基于1644-1860年的考察

A Study of Grain Trade in Bohai Rim Region Based on the Investigation form 1644 to 1860

清代环渤海地区的粮食贸易有多种形式,最主要的是囤粮贸易。粮商分为行商和囤商两种。行商在粮食产地与销售地之间转运粮石,赚取两地之间的粮食差价。囤商主要经营本地市场,在本地购入并在本地销售,以赚取粮食的季节性差价或人为炒作后的市场差价而获利。他们根据市场供需增减、粮价涨跌波动、农业生产丰歉等情况向这一地区提供粮食,在一定程度上操纵着粮食市场。在清代环海地区粮食贸易中,逐渐形成了粮食期货交易与期货市场,并显现两个明显特点:一是粮食期货交易只在流通环节出现,仅是粮商规避风险的工具,粮农没有参与其中;二是清末粮食期货交易逐渐偏离了粮食交易的内容,带有明显的赌博性质。在该地区的粮食贸易中,粮食加工业随之发展起来,如烧酒业、豆油加工业、粉条制作业等。粮食贸易对区域经济发展和调整具有明显作用,带动了该地人口和耕地的增长、农作物种植的多样化、采参业的兴盛和运输服务业的发展等。在当时,这一地区已经形成陆路、水路、海路相结合的交通运输网,具有了较为发达的层级型粮食市场,除政府征收田赋外,不少农民将粮食拿到市场贩卖,扩大了农产品的商品化程度。这表明,自给自足的自然经济体系在进一步瓦解中。

Hoarding grain trade is the main type among the various grain trades in Bohai Rim Region in Qing dynasty.Grain dealers can be divided in to itinerant merchants and grain stockists.Itinerant merchants earn the price difference by transferring grains between place of origin and place of sale.However,stockists focus on local market,in which they purchase and sell the grain on local market,in which earns the seasonal price differences or market price difference caused by artificial speculation.Grain processing industries develops subsequently in the grain trade of this area,such as arrack industry,soybean oil processing industry and vermicelli production industrial.Grain trade has obviously positive influence on the development and adjustment of regional economy.It promotes the increase of the population and arable land,improves the diversification of the crops as well as develops ginseng picking industry and transport services.At that time,a transportation network combing land,river and sea and a higher developed grain market have merged in this region.In addition to government taxation of farmland,many farmers take grains to the market to sell,which expands the commercialization of agricultural products and suggests that the self-sufficiency natural economy is in further disintegration.