先秦儒家的国家结构观

A structural study of the Confucianism in the Pre-Qin China

先秦时期以孔子、孟子、荀子等为代表的儒家学派对中国古代国家结构形式进行了一系列论述,孔子和孟子倾向建立一个同西周王朝的国家结构相类似的封建等级秩序井然的一统国家,而荀子则更倾向建立一个以天王为首的统一的中央集权制的新型国家。成书于战国时期的儒家经典著作《禹贡》、《周礼》则为人们展示了一幅更为具体的统一国家结构形式的宏伟蓝图。其间自然包含了三代以来的种种新旧制度,甚至带有更多的理想成分。先秦儒家的国家结构观总的发展趋势是不断从遥远的远古向现实社会拉近,其积极、合理的内容最终为后代统治者所吸收,从而奠定了中国古代国家结构学说的基础。

Throughout the Pre-Qin history, Chinese scholars including Confucius, Mencius, and Xun Zi had had a systemic account of the structures of the ancient China. Whereas Confucius and Mencius tended to see China with a feudal and hierachical system similar to that of the West Zhou Dynasty, Xun Zi favored a new type of country by centralism with an emperor. Their classic works of Yugong, Zhou R:tes written and published during the Warring State time provide us with a panoramic blueprint of an integrated China in terms of hierachical structures. Of course, the works cover a historical account of the systems of the previous times, but with the ideal components of the authors. Hence, it is believed that the Pre-Qin accounts of the structures and systems just help bring the primitive, distant to the realistic and close to the current social systems. The active and rational suggestions of the works that have been inherited by the rulers of different times have served as foundations for structures or systems of the ancient China.