中国与欧洲传统农业社会经济组织之比较

Comparison of Economic Organizations in the Traditional Agricultural Societies in China and in Europe

传统农业社会的基本经济组织是农户。然而,在农民家庭与农户的一致性程度方面,中国与欧洲是不同的,由于中国的土地所有权和经营权分布较为分散,两者的一致性较高;而欧洲的土地所有权和经营权相对集中,农户中包括了较多非家庭成员,两者一致性相对较低。在由于制度、耕作技术以及其他一些方面的因素而引起的对农户间合作的需要与合作社会形式方面,以及以村落为分析范围的社会中间组织方面,中国与欧洲也是不同的。

Farming household as the basic economic organization in traditional agricultural society, the degrees of consistency between farming household and peasant family in China and in Europe are different. The degree of consistency between those two is high in China due to dispersed land ownership and operating right, while that in Europe is low due to comparatively centralized land ownership and operating right as well as the fact that the farming household there includes many non-family-members. The paper compares the need of cooperation among farming household in China and in Europe because of factors such as institution and farming technology and analyzes the difference in cooperative social forms between farming household in China and in Europe, which includes scale or scope of cooperation.As last, this paper compares the social intermediate organizations in traditional agricultural society in China and in Europe within the analysis scope of villages, focusing on clan, the most important social intermediate organization in China's traditional society.