自由与权威的调和——论美国国民银行体系确立的背景、实质及影响

The Reconcilation of Freedom and Authority——On the National Banking System

《国民银行法》的确立,是对货币银行领域的自由放任主义的修正,一定限度内体现了汉密尔顿主义思想传统,即加强联邦政府对全国货币银行体系的监督管理。但是,由于杰克逊主义思想传统犹存,故《国民银行法》仍然保留了自由银行制度,也未能建立实行集中控制的中央银行。因此,国民银行体系的建立体现了自由与权威两种思想传统的调和。该体系的确立,导致美国银行双轨制的形成,使单一银行制永久化,同时还导致财政部的货币职能合法化。国民银行体系的种种弊端则是联邦储备体系形成的直接致因。

National Bank Act was the revision of the laissez-faize in money and banking , and embodied within limits Hamiltonian tradition, which wanted to enhance the regulation and supervision of federal government over national money and banking system . But , as Jacksonian tradition remained a powerful force , the Act still preserved free banking spririt ,and could not instituted central bank marked by centralized control. Therefore , National Banking System in essence was the reconcilation of freedom and authority. The System leaded to the formation of the dual banking system ,and enabled the unit banking system permanent , and legitimized the Treasury's money function. The defects of the System were one of the direct causes of the origins of the Federal Reserve System .