韩国民主化过程论析

Process of Democratization in the ROK and Requirements for Democracy

现代韩国虽然一开始就是以民主体制为基本的政治框架,但实际上长期实行“行政上位的行政与政治一体化”的体制有很强的独裁色彩,其主要原因是:总统通过执政党在议会中所占的绝对优势来控制议会;韩国政党的“私党”性质;韩国军方的政治介入;司法机构没有起到任何牵制行政的实质性作用等。自第十三届总统选举开始,韩国政治开始了由独裁向民主的转化,至第十六届总统选举,韩国政治表现出了很大变化,主要表现在如下几个方面:三十多年来对韩国政治发挥绝对影响力的“三金政治”走到了尽头;世代交替;在总统选举的活动方式上与以往相比具有很大的差异;新当选的总统没有以往总统所负的那种政治负担;地区冲突得到了一些缓和。可以预见,韩国政治走向将有很大变化。根据韩国民主化的实现过程可以认为,实现民主化的必要条件是各种社会权力的平衡、法制化、理性讨论。

The ROK had at its very beginning put forward th'e democracy as a fact it took to be the base of its government; yet it pursued an administration of high rank official to administer and a policy of political integration, which revealed an air of dictatorship. The courses of which were in the main the president controls the parliament through the ruling party's overwhelming majority in parliament; the Korean parties have a character of 'private party'; the Korean army interferes in politics; and the judicial organs don't have any real function of check-and-balance on administration. It was the 13th presidential election a transition period from dictatorship to democracy started. By the 16th presidential election, great changes had occurred in following aspects; the 'Three Kims' (Kim Jong-Pil, Kim Yong-Sam and Kim Dae-Jung) Politics' which had been absolute influential to Korean politics for more than 30 years came to the end, how was it as we usually call the alternation of generation, the transformation of political power to the younger generation; the ways of activities to run for presidency were quite different from that of the previous times, the regional conflicts on account of running presidency were getting ease up to a certain extent. Poet hoc, there will be greater changes in Korean politics. The process of Korean democratization proves that the balance of various social influences, legal rule and rational consideration are requirements for democracy.