英国养老制度改革“市场化”取向的经验与教训

The Experiences and Lessons of Marketalization in the Reform of the System of Providing for the Aged in U.K.

为了摆脱沉重的财政负担,英国从20世纪80年代中期开始了逐渐收缩公共养老的责任和在私人部门引入和大力发展职业养老计划与私人基金计划的改革历程。本文对英国这一改革的历史进程做了较为详实的分析,对"减少国家养老责任"和引入私人市场因素过程中出现的一些问题与教训做了归纳,并在总结其历史经验的基础之上指出,近年来之所以英国宏观经济形势良好,经济稳定增长,失业率和通货膨胀率低于欧盟平均水平,成为西欧经济业绩表现最好的国家之一,是与英国对社会养老制度的改革和私人养老金的引入与发展密不可分的。

For the purpose of casting off heavy financial burden, England began from mid80s to gradually reduce the responsibility for publicly providing for the aged, introduce and develop in a big way the plan of professionally providing for the aged in private sectors, and started the course for reform of the plan of private fund. This dissertation makes detail analysis of the historical course for reform in England; induces some questions and lessons in the process; and sums up the historical experiences to point out, in recent years the British macroeconomic situation has been good, economy has grown steadily, the rate of unemployment and the rate of inflation are below the average level of the European Union, with the result that Great Britain has become one of the best countries with economic achievements in West Europe. All these are inseparable with the reform of the system of British social providing for the aged and the introducing private old age pension and the development.