肃南鹿场甘肃马鹿生产性能研究

Productivity of Gansu wapiti on the Sunan deer farm

1999-2001年调查了肃南鹿场甘肃马鹿的基本情况。甘肃马鹿的鲜茸产量随鹿龄增长分为,产茸量快速增加阶段(1～6岁)、产茸量缓慢增加阶段(6～11岁)和产茸量下降阶段(11岁以后)。总体上呈凸抛物线变化,11岁达到产茸高峰,鲜茸产量与体重,饲养群数量与鹿茸总产量极显著正相关(P<0.01)。甘肃马鹿体型在我国8个马鹿亚种中属中等偏下,幼鹿的体长指数和头长指数低于成年鹿,肢长指数和管围指数高于成年鹿,幼公鹿的胸围指数和体躯指数高于成年公鹿,但幼母鹿则低于成年母鹿,成年鹿体尺指数的性别差异大于幼鹿。1999和2000年适龄母鹿的繁殖率和繁殖成活率平均分别为61.5%和55.6%,母鹿繁殖率在3～5岁间逐渐增加,5岁马鹿最高,此后随着年龄的增加总体上呈下降趋势,但6～9岁之间下降幅度较小,意外伤害和疾病是影响繁殖成活率的两大因素。甘肃马鹿饲养群结构基本呈正金字塔型,不合理出售是甘肃马鹿饲养群性比和年龄结构失调的主要因素。甘肃马鹿的性比结构与鹿茸价格有正相关联系,性比的变化周期在8年左右,可以用作鹿茸市场预测。公鹿在6岁以前体重随年龄呈指数增加,1岁公鹿的体重可达60kg左右,屠宰后产出/投入为4.26,具有发展成为肉用型家畜的潜力。肃南鹿场高山草原-甘肃马鹿生产系统通过完善生产层次,经济效益提高3.

The basic situation of Gansu wapiti on the Sunan deer farm was investigated from 1999-2001. Fresh velvet production per deer showed change with age like a protruding parabola, peaking at 11 years old. This change showed 3 stages, namely, quick production increase (1-6 years), slow production increase (6-11 years), and reducing production (after 11 years). There were very significant positive correlations between fresh velvet production per head and body weight (P<(0.01)), total velvet production (P<(0.01)), and herd population (P<(0.01)). The size of Gansu wapiti in the 8 wapiti subspecies of China is comparatively small. Body length and head length indices were lower for fawns than for mature deer, but indices of limb length and neck circumference of fawns were higher. Chest circumference and body indices of male fawns were higher than those of mature stags, whereas those of female fawns were lower than mature hinds. Body dimension indices of mature deer showed greater difference between sexes than the differences for fawns. In 1999 and 2000, the average reproductive rate of appropriately aged hinds was 61.5%, and the average fawn survival rate was 55.6%. The reproductive rate of hinds gradually increased from 3 to 5 years old, then decreased after 5 years old. Accidental injury and disease were the two major factors influencing the fawn survival rate. The Sunan deer farm Gansu wapiti herd showed a pyramid form age structure. Inappropriate sale of Gansu wapiti has resulted in an imbalanced sex and age structure. The sex ratio was positively correlated to velvet value. The sex ratio change followed an approximate eight-year cycle, and could therefore be used to forecast the velvet market. Up to six years old, stag body weight showed exponential increase. One-year-old stags could reach about 60 kg body weight, and the ratio of output to input was 4.26 after selling their meat. They have development potential to become meat-producing livestock. Through optimization of the alpine grassland - Gansu wapiti production system on the Sunan deer farm, economic benefit increased 3.3 times and benefit fluctuation risk reduced 2.7 times. Based on this investigation and the development forecast of Gansu wapiti, six suggestions for research and production were given.