石林风景名胜区对乡村经济发展的影响

EFFECT OF TOURISM INDUSTRY ON RURAL ECONOMY IN THE YUNNAN SHILIN NATIONAL PARK

石林风景名胜区始建于20世纪30年代,旅游开发经历了居民游览、服务中心城市的接待观光型到区域支柱产业的转型。经济体制深刻地影响了石林旅游业,旅游产品延续了计划经济体制下形成接待观光游览型,形成以门票收入为主体的旅游经济收入格局,对不同层次的经济发展带来不同的影响。石林旅游业对县级经济收入、产业结构、财政、税收有积极影响,近5年石林旅游业占当地GDP的9％～11％,占第三产业产值的27.9％～33％、财政收入的10.8％～40.1％,但对农业生产、农村居民就业和家庭收入的带动力弱,有明显的“距离衰减效应”。获得旅游效益的居民限于风景区旅游中心的村寨,约占风景区人口的15％,中心旅游区的第三产业就业人员比例比其它地区高7％～35％。中心区农民参与旅游业方式的调查表明,居民参与旅游业的方式被动:耕地被征用后,或被风景名胜区管理部门雇佣、或成个体工商户、或被外来企业雇佣,就业领域局限于餐饮服务、环卫和绿化、民族工艺品制作与销售、照相、旅游交通、导游等。风景区农村的基础建设、产业结构、就业领域与风景区功能和旅游业目标的协调存在距离。促进风景名胜区旅游业对所在地的“三农”发展的协调值得思考和解决。

The Shilin scenery and historical Spots (lately known as the Shilin national park) was founded firstly in 1930s. The development of the Shilin karst landscape resources with local ethnic cultural resources in the Park experienced from as a local sight-seeing place, through an excursion destination servingfor the central city, to the basis of the regional pillar industry of both Shilin Yi autonomous County and Kunming city. An economic system has affected the Shilin tourism industry. The products of the Shilin tourism industry are mainly to host the sight-seeing tourists under the planned system, and the main parts of the Shilin tourism income are from the tourist tickets, which gives out different effects on various levels of the economy in the county. The Shilin tourism economy brings a positive effect on the countylevel economic structure, industrial adjustment, state fiscal levy and governmental revenue. In the last 5 years, the income from the Shilin tourism averagely makes up 9%～11% of annual GDP, 27.9%～33% of the third industryincome, 10.8%～40.1% fiscal levy. However, the development of the Shilin tourism did not produce significant effects on local agriculture, employment of rural citizens and family revenue here compared to effects on the county-level economy, and then the positive effects from the Shi[in tourism reduce with distance increment away from the tourist centre in the Park. The rural citizens who receive economic interests of the Shilin tourism are limited within the villages located at the sight-seeing centre of the Park and only 15% of population of the Park. The percentage of rural citizens working in the third industry in the tourism centre of the Park is 7%～35% higher than in other places. The results from the investigation of working fields of the villagers in the local tourism industry show that the local villagers are not actively involved in the tourism industry, and the common situations for them are that most of them are employed by the administration of the Shilin Park after their farming lands were expropriated, and some become individual operators and some are employed by outside employers who operate tourism enterprises in the Park. Their working fields mainly are in food--beverage service, environmental sanitation,tree planting, making and selling local ethnic arts as well as tourist transportation and tourist guide. It is proposed, that more efforts should be made in developing rural economy by improving the coordination of village infrastructure, agriculture and rural citizens employment with the tourism industry of the Shilin Park.