法国当代传媒体制与表达自由理念探析

The Contemporary System of Media in France and Its Analysis of the Concept of Freedom of Expression

18 8 1年法国正式颁布《出版自由法》 ,从此 ,法国的传媒业获得了较大的自由。但法国媒体与政府的关系却一直相当密切 :一方面 ,政府控制着电子传播的经营权 ;另一方面 ,政府又对报刊业实行财政支持。在西方发达的资本主义国家中 ,法国的文化、政治体制和社会理论都有着显著的特点 ,与此相适应 ,法国新闻媒体的体制以及他们对于表达自由的理解似乎也与英美有较大的差异。法国对于新闻出版权利、义务与责任等关系的协调与处理 ,很容易为中国人所理解和接受。他们注重媒体的自由与权利 ,但是 ,也强调媒体的社会责任。近几年来 ,法国政府逐渐放松对传媒业的控制 ,私有化的进程在进一步加快 。

The cognizance of freedom in France is very different from other western countries. France formally (issued) “The Freedom of Publication' in 1881. From that moment on, the media in France has gained more (freedom), but the relationship between the media and the government remains quite close. The government keeps controlling the operation of the electronic media, and on the other hand, still sponsors newspapers' business. France issued another rules of law to restrict the centralization of media, and to insure the freedom of press in 1984. Along with the unchaining from the policies, the media in France gradually became marketability. During the process of the developing of industry, French media walked between the way of right and (obligation), and the way of the freedom and protection. It was very different from the other western countries, such as England and America, which can be concluded it into three causes: Firstly, the political situation in France was always unsteadily. To control the media strongly can stable the situation in a certain extent; (Secondly), France had might governments. The consciousness of independency and freedom had been weakened by the inspection of the power. French media needed the imbursement of the government and the recognition of the power, so they became attached to the power and lose their own independence; Thirdly, Frenchmen pay more attention to the advantage of the whole society. So their tradition of freedom emphasize on the balance (between) right and duty and the balance (between) individual and the society. Though the way French media dealing with the right and duty seem a bit different with England and America, it is something like Chinese traditional culture. Though the survivorship of French media needs the guarantee of the nation power, it does not mean that these media are only the tools of the country. It is the exact difference between China and France. In France, from the concept, the public radio and television usually have an objective creed and obey things that the (country) bestows like providing information for citizen (including public information), entertaining, keeping understanding between public people, and maintaining the traditional culture. But the structure of (social) (relation) is not completely free because systematically it still receives controls from the country, it may hold two kinds of roles. So we can easily understand why in the contract that French government and French Television Company signed in 2000 clearly states that each public television must be responsible to the society. The (contract) also prescribes: in the matter of the types of programs, in one year's prime time, at least there are 12 types of programs and 50% of them must be cultural ones. In recent years, French government gradually loosens the control in the media and quickens privatization progress, which will bring about new thoughts. Furthermore, the organizations of media, such as French Newspaper Alliance and Paris media Consortia, always correspond the relationship between the French government and media. The organizations take the (mission) of maintaining of the legal rights of media, dealing with nation frameworks and advertise agent. In (China), there is no media organization can talk with the government equally. Most of the existing organizations are set up by the government and can not be the coordinator between the government and media. After all, the situation and political system of China is essentially different from that in France.