存在论区分与二谛论——对海德格尔与大乘佛学的比较研究

Heidegger's"Ontological Difference" and Mahayana's"Twi-satyas"Theory

"存在论区分"和"二谛"分别是海德格尔和大乘佛教哲学的基础性概念。本文作为一种对话式的比较,通过揭示存在论区分的佛学意义以及二谛论的存在论区分意蕴,力图使两种思想达到相互理解和沟通。一方面,海氏对存在者与存在自身的区分,就是"有"与"无"的区分,其基本精神与佛教二谛论的"空"、"有"之辨一致,也旨在克服对"有"的执著而达到对"无"的证会。另一方面,二谛论也是一种存在论区分。"空"也是存在的本质和真理,也包括对形而上学的解构,"空"作为"无住",还与海氏的"无化"(自由)一致。二者的主要差别在于对"无"的理解不同。

Heidegger's differentiation between the Being Itself and beings, namely that between'Nothingness'and'beingness'is similar to the Mahayana Buddhist distinction between'Sunya'and'bhava'in that both by virtue of the overcoming of obstinacy in'beingness'are aimed to reach recognition of 'Nothingness', so that we say Heidegger's thinking has Buddhist significance. And correspondingly we regard the'Twi-satyas'theory of Mahayana Buddhism also as a kind of'Ontological Difference'. Just like Heidegger's'Nothing'Sunya is the truth and essence of being, it also contains as its significance the deconstruction of Metaphysics.'Sunya'in Chinese Buddhism is non-fixedness (Wu Zhu or aniketa), which means freedom in the same ontological significance with Heidegger's'Nothing'. The principal divergence in the Heideggerian and Mahayana theories consists in their different understanding of'Nothingness'. Sunya, the Nothingness in Buddhism,is a being absolutely non-linguistic; So the difference between the two'satyas' is in fact that between the linguistic and the non-linguistic; To Heidegger, however, the Nothingness as Being itself is just the language itself or its essence, so the Ontological Difference is just distinction between the language essence and the beings coming into this language. Moreover Heidegger's Nothing (Nichts) is time itself, whereas the Sunyata of Mahayana Buddhism is totally non-temporal.