1Hebert PC,Wells G,Blajchman MA,et al.A multicenter,randomized,controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care.N Engl J Med,1999,340:409-417.
2Vincent JL,Baron JF,Reinhart K,et al.Anemia and blood transfusion in critically ill patients.JAMA,2002,288:1499-1507.
3Standl T,Burmeister MA,Schroeder F,et al.Hydroxyethyl Starch(HES) 130/0.4 provides larger and faster increases in tissue oxygen tension in comparison with prehemodilution values than HES 70/0.5 or HES 200/0.5 in volunteers undergoing acute normovolemic hemodilution.Anesth Analg,2003,96:936-943.
4Singbartl K,Innerhofer P,Radvan J,et al.Hemostasis and hemodilution:a quantitative mathematical guide for clinical practice.Anesth Analg,2003,96:929-935.
5Hebert PC, Wells G, Blaychman MA, et al. A multi-center, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care [ J] . N Engl J Med, 1999, 340(6) :409.
6Vincent JL, Baron JF, Reinhart K, et al. Anemia and blood transfusion in critically ill patients [ J] . JAMA,2002, 288 (12) : 1499.
7华积德.实用外科手册(第1版)[M].上海:上海科技教育出版社,1992.78-87.
8周光裕译.输血及外科出血疾病[A].见:曾宪九 [美]D C 萨比斯顿 主编.克氏外科学 第1版[C].北京:人民卫生出版社,1998.152-154.