试论清代前期的林业政策和法规

A Discussion on Forestry Policy and Law of Early Qing Dynasty

清代前期 ,满族统治者为保护祖宗的发祥地 ,把东北划为“四禁”地区 ,森林得到较好的保护。但其他地区 ,随着人口过快增长 ,为安抚流民、解决粮食问题 ,清政府不得不采取鼓励毁林开荒的政策。致使各地森林大量消失 ,由此所引起的生态后果极为严重。由于永定河、黄河、长江等河流经常泛滥 ,清代皇帝多提倡河堤植树 ,但这不能从根本上解决问题。为解决国家财政 ,供统治者消耗 ,清代在各地设税关征收林业赋税。清朝政府虽颁布过一些与林业有关的护林植树诏令或条文 ,但没有全国统一的森林法规。地方上的山林保护 ,主要依靠乡规民约。因而护林碑大量出现 。

In early Qing Dynasty, the governor of Manzhou nam ed Northeast China as a district of ‘four ban' in order to protect cradle of thei r ancestors. So the forests were preserved rather well. But in other districts a s population increased very rapidly, the government had to adapt a policy encour aging ruin forests and open new lands. Many forests disappeared everywhere, and the ecological disa sters caused by this were severity. Since the frequent flooding of Yongding Rive r, Yellow River and Changjiang River, the emperors of Qing Dynasty often called for tree planting along the bank of rivers, although thus could not control the floods in racial. Many tax barriers were set and taxes of forest products were l evied upon for financial reasons. Some commands on forest protection or afforest ation were issued by Qing governors, but there was no forestry law for whole cou ntry's use. The protection of mountain forests in local area mainly replied on v illage rule and civilian agreement. A large amount of steles for forest protecti on were erected, though the functions were limited.