汉代督邮管窥

A glimpse of Du You (督邮) in Han Dynasty

形成于西汉中叶的督邮监县制,当上承秦及汉初的"都吏循行"。督邮按部刺举,上至王侯、令长,下至乡亭有秩、豪强,无所不纠,而以监县长吏为要。此举标志着西汉已形成了郡县二级地方监察体制。初,督邮对郡守负责,与刺史无涉。但刺史在地方官化的过程中,逐渐左右了督邮。至东汉,郡县两级纵向垂直监察系统得以打通。两汉政治经济之大环境,督邮与郡守之关系,督邮自身之素质,是影响督邮监察效果的三个基本因素。

The system of monitoring county by Du You, formed in the middle of West Han Dynasty, dated back to 'the legislative official supervision around the country' in Qin Dynasty and in the early of Han Dynasty. Du You supervised the activities of all feudal subjects, in particular those of officials at county level. This system showed that the local monitoring system of prefecture and county had been established in West Han Dynasty. At first, Du You was responsible to the administrative head of prefecture, irrelevant to its military head. However, the military head gradually manipulated Du You in the course of local bureaucratization. The vertical monitoring system was adopted between prefecture and county in East Han Dynasty. Three factors affecting the monitoring effect of Du You were the political and economic environment, the relationship between the administrative head and Du You, and the personal quality of Du You.