植物生理学进展与农业现代化

Progress in Plant Physiology and Modernization of Traditional Agriculture

生物学在19世纪三大发现的启动下,遵循物理、化学走过的途径,从系统观察转向试验分析。普通生理学于是成立。高等植物与高等动物的生理活动所根据的基础规律大致相同。两者最主要的区别在于高等植物固守岗位靠自养生活,而异养的高等动物经常走动来觅食谋生。 植物生理学的内容大致可分为三大部分:①营养与代谢;②生长与发育;③感应性与整体性。远在农业建立期间,“高等植物”就被选作田间培养的作物。农业的长期传统倾向于把农作物看作是任人安排的“生产工具”,在精耕细作下操作,生产日常生活的所需。农作物的营养代谢研究最先受到重视,从之揭发出作物生产中,水分的消耗,肥料的要求,阳光的利用等。这些研究成果用来改善田间操作与提高产量,颇见成效。其后,生长发育的研究也在田间作物生产上显露头角。植物生产工具的建造与产量的形成乃是同时由植物自身完成的。研究工作揭发了生长发育过程所需的条件,从之就可以制订出有效的调控措施。最后,感应性与整体性的研究也显现出它们在改善田间作物生产中具有的实力。作物种子萌发后,幼苗的尖端继续生长发育,在感受气候等条件的影响下,先是形成营养体,继而转变为生殖体。田间作物靠其敏感,搜寻分散在土壤空间的稀薄原料,进而延伸根系和扩张冠部来获取其所需。?

Under the inspiration of the three great discoveries of 19th century, following the course led by physics and chemistry, biology has emerged from systemic observation and description into experimental analysis and dynamic investigation. Thereby general physiology came into existence. While the underlying basic principles of physiological activities are in common in both higher plants and higher animals, their main difference lies in the fact that higher plant is autotrophic in livelihood and stationary in habitat, whereas het-erotrophic higher animal must constantly move and seek for food supply. The contents of plant physiology can be divided into three parts: (1)pnutrition and metabolism,(2)growth and development, (3)irritability and integrity. Higher plants were chosen as cultivated crops ever since the establishment of agriculture. The age -old tradition in agricultural practice tends to assume the field crop as living 'tools', operating passively under 'intensive and meticulous cultivation' for producing household consumption. Consequently, nutrition and metabolism in crop plants is preferential in physiological research, for it uncovers water expenditure, soil fertilizer requirement, solar light utilization etc in the process of producing various organic substances. Its results have been taken to innovate field practices with appropriate success. Later on, studies on growth and development of cereals have revealed their significance in crop yield, for both the 'tool' needed for production and the products are built up simultaneously by the plant itself under proper environmental conditions. Investigations have ascertained the appropriate requirement for it growth and development.. Finally, irritability and integrity exhibits its role in modulating plant growth and development. After seed germination, the apex of the seedling continues its growth and development to build up the vegetative body and transforms itself later into reproductive body in response to climatic changes. The growing crop is constantly urgent in seeking raw materials which are highly dispersed in soil and atmosphere. The plant must be sensitive enough to send its roots and expand its shoot in order to acquire its needs. Furthermore, the apex of a cereal is noted for its dominance over subordinate parts and for its high sensitivity to stimuli through mediation of hormone -like substances delivered or received. Such physiologically active substances have been isolated and synthesized in vitro. They have been extensively used in adjusting proceedings of plant behavior for rich harvest.