德国现代建筑运动中新建筑思潮的寻源

建筑师必须浪漫地发挥其对形式直觉的想像力去创造建筑空间,进而理性地判断其方案的可行性。在这个过程中,存在着一种建筑理论对其创作行为的辩证支配关系。新建筑的出现乃是由于新思想,我们关心的不仅是形式的演化或建筑流派,而是产生这些形式的思想变化和发展过程;我们关心的不仅是建筑本身的历史,更关心的是建筑思想的发生、演变和发展过程。我们研究一种建筑现象,不仅要知道人们做出了什么,而且希望了解人们想过什么,这种想法是如何产生的;要从哲学理念和伦理观上去研究。一位中国建筑学者李承宽先生亲身经历了德国现代建筑运动和现代建筑思潮的发展过程,以他对这段历史的回顾为线索,笔者对德国现代建筑运动和建筑理论发展的有关资料多方查询、整理成文。文中就欧洲对建筑本体论和建筑本质概念进行了探讨;对空间本体论的研究,“时间-空间”四维连续性理论,建筑创过程中的格式塔理论(Gestalttheorie)和格式塔的质量标准展开了讨论。文中介绍了奠定新思维的基础:“生命哲学”、“价值伦理”.“现象学”和“存在哲学”等哲学理念对现代建筑运动的兴起所起的作用和构成的思想架构。文中介绍了早期的德国表现主义建筑的”将人拟物”或“将物拟人”的“移入情感”、“物我同一”创作思想;介绍了德国“

The architect should freely develop his imagination and intuition in order to create architectural space. At the same time he has to judge rationally the possibility of realizing his concepts. During this process, architectural theory has to control the creative way of thinking in a dialectical way. New ways of thinking produce new architectural typologies. Therefore, we should not only be concerned about the evolution of form or about architectural trends but about the processes and developments which produce these changes in thinking. We are not only interested in the history of architecture itself, but in the beginnings, the evolution and the development of the process of architectural thinking. When we do research on an architectural phenomenon, we do not only have to know which buildings have been built, but also why they have been built like that, what was the idea behind it and how this idea came about. Our research should follow philosophical and ethical principles. The Chinese architect Chengkuan Li participated in the German Architectural Movement and experienced the development of the ideas behind modern architecture himself. Taking Chengkuan Li's memories of that time as a starting point, the author selected and summarized respective materials concerning the Architectural Modern Movement in Germany and the development of architectural theory. This paper discusses the notion of essence and ontology in European architecture. It describes the research about the ontology of space, the 4D theory of 'time -space', and the theory and quality of Gestalt. It introduces the basis of this new way of thinking:' philosophy of live', 'ethics of value', 'phenomenology', 'existentialism', and other philosophical concepts. All these concepts form an essential part in the emergence of the Architectural Modern Movement in Germany and build a frame for its system of thinking. The paper introduces the architecture of the early phase of expressionism and of the concept of organic building in Germany. Reading the paper, it becomes clear very easily that the concept of 'modern' cannot be attributed to a certain period of time. First of all, the movement of ' modern-architecture' is the continuation of the period of enlightenment in Europe. The basis of modern theory of architecture is existentialism which follows the period of renaissance and enlightenment. Like the classic philosophies of materialism, idealism, romanticism and rationalism, it puts again the human being in its focus. It puts the notion of 'being' on a new foundation and leads the reasoning of men onto a new, higher level. It one more time represents a revolutionary self-liberation of men. At its time, the Modern Movement in Europe opposed the style and fashions given by then. By opposing again and again the given 'form' and 'style' and by going back again and again to its beginnings, Europe created its own brilliance over and over again. Architecture is the realization of spiritual order through material space. Architecture is a way of unlimited thinking that exists in immaterial space. It represents human spiritual energy and power, it is a way of expressing the destiny and live of men in material form. That is why the essence of architecture has never changed from its beginnings until today.