价值与事实关系的自然主义解释——培里的价值本质论评析

An Naturalistic Explanation of the Relation between Value and Reality ——An Analysis of Perry's Theory of the Essence of Value

哲学价值理论各学派关于价值与事实关系的观点大致可分两类:一类主张价值与事实各自独立,另一类则主张价值与事实相互联系。培里的价值理论属于自然主义价值论,主张价值与事实的统一,价值判断能够通过事实的方法或理性的方法来确证。其论证的基本策略是:借助于兴趣来定义价值,进而借助于主体的肯定态度和否定态度来定义兴趣,通过一系列心理状态或心理事实说明什么是兴趣,并进而说明什么是价值,使事实判断过渡到了价值判断。培里主张价值与事实的统一的立场是对的,他基于自然主义的基本立场解决价值与事实关系问题的方案也是一种有价值的探索。其最大的问题,是把价值还原为事实,把复杂的问题简单化。只有立足于实践,才能合理地解释事实与价值的关系问题。

The viewpoints of the relation between Value and Reality that all schools hold in the field of axiology, can be divided into two types approximately: one claims that Value and Reality is self-existent, while the other protests that the two are interrelated. In his axiology, which belongs to the naturalistic kind, Perry claims that Value and Reality are unified, and value judgment can be corroborated by factual means or rational means. The following is Perry's strategy demonstrating his points: he defines Value by dint of interest, and further defines interest by dint of subject's positive attitude and negative attitude. Perry transfers fact judgment to value judgment by the following way: he explains what is interest by dint of a series of mentation or mental facts. Perry's standpoint, which argues that value and fact are unified, is right, and his scheme, which is used to settle the question of the relation between Value and Reality, is also valuable, but his biggest problem is to revert value to fact (then he simplifies the complicated question). This paper proposes that the question should only be rationally explained on the basis of practice.