农村合作医疗制度的历史考察

An Historical Investigation of the Rural Cooperative Medical Care System

农村合作医疗制度是新中国农民在自愿互助的基础上建立起来的集体医疗保健制度。在20世纪50年代中期它随农业合作化运动的兴起而产生,1965年毛泽东的一月指示和“六·二六”指示推动其发展,1968～1969年《人民日报》组织的大讨论带来大办合作医疗的热潮。“文化大革命”后,合作医疗逐步实现制度化,但自80年代开始传统的合作医疗日趋萎缩。90年代以来党和政府为发展、完善合作医疗制度做出了很大的努力,进一步提出建立、完善新型合作医疗制度和医疗救助制度。农村合作医疗的实践积累了丰富的经验。农村合作医疗不仅是适合中国国情的保障农民防病治病的好办法,受到广大农民的欢迎,而且得到世界卫生组织的高度评价。

China' s rural cooperative medical care system was based on peasants' voluntary mutual assistance and marked the starting point of a collective rural healthcare system. It was born in the mid- 1950s along with the agricultural cooperative movement, and Mao Ze-dong's instructions of 1965 pushed along its development. The People's Daily discussion of 1968 - 1969 led to a rush to build cooperative healthcare, and after the Cultural Revolution the system entered a phase of institutional consolidation. But into the 1980s the system began to shrink, and in the 1990s the party and government made major efforts to develop and improve it. Now the party and government have again proposed establishing and improving a new model of rural cooperative healthcare and medical assistance. The rural cooperative healthcare system is suited to China's national conditions as a way of ensuring farmers' health, and it has also been praised by farmers and by the World Health Organization .