关中西部商文化研究

A STUDY OF REMAINS OF THE SHANG CULTURE IN THE WESTERN GUANZHONG REGION

陕西关中地区，自虞夏之贡，以为上田，有膏壤沃野，横垣千里之誉。其地被山带河，四塞环绕。境内黄土疏松肥沃，宜于农耕，民居之则有垦殖稼穑之利；泾、渭、洛挽毂其问，河沟纵横，人食之可得餐饮汲取之便。故成为古代先民最早开发利用的主要地区之一。

Through research on Shang culture remains at the Zhumazui site and in the Zhouyuan area, the present paper clarifies that the Shang culture had extended to the western Guanzhong region by the time of Upper Erligang phase and further developed to the Yinxu 2nd phase. According to available data, these remains can be divided into three stages.The first stage corresponds to the Upper Erligang phase; the second stage to the Yinxu 1st phase; and the third stage to the Yinxu 2nd phase or a little later, with the final limiting point at the time of Linxin's or Kangding's reign.The Shang cultural complex in the western Guanzhong region might have resulted from the expansion of the Shang people after they took power and the national strength increased. Another possible explanation is that the emergence of this complex was owing to the Shang Dynasty's measures for resisting aggression and disturbance from the Di and Qiang ethnic minorities, defending its western territory, and protecting the local states subject to it. As a result, just from its emergence, this type of culture featured mainly Shang culture elements that were mixed with local culture elements in Guanzhong. It shows some differences from the typical Shang culture in the Central Plains and eastern Guanzhong. We agree to name it'Jingdang type'Shang culture.The Jingdang type was distributed roughly within the eastern part of the western Guanzhong region, in the eastern Zhigou River valley, the lower Jinghe River valley, and the zone west of Xi'an. This area was a communications hub not only between the east and the west of Guanzhong, but also between the north and the south of Shaanxi. So it occupied a crucial position both in strategic and economic aspects. The Jingdang type was an important tool and a political symbol for the Shang Dynasty to control its western frontier and subject local states. It cowed dukes into submission and attendance to the House of Shang, so its role was higher than that of the surrounding cultures.It has been detected that the Jingdang type contains pre-dynastic Zhou, Liujia and Nianzipo elements of local cultures in Guanzhong, as well as Zhukaigou, Heidouzui and other elements of northern and southern cultures. This fact not only contributes to the revelation of the relationship of the Shang culture with the above-mentioned cultures, but also provides important reference for dating these cultures.